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Graphene Moiré superlattice, a unique 2D periodical structure originated from the interaction between graphene and its supporting substrate h-BN, has attracted great interest recently. Employing epitaxial graphene on h-BN single crystals, we have investigated systematically the physical properties related to the Moiré superlattice. From transport measurements, we can observe the superlattice Dirac points at both electron side and hole side. Similar to the Dirac point, the superlattice Dirac points have insulator behaviors. Under the action of magnetic field, the quantum Hall effects both in monolayer and bilayer graphenes are observed. Also, the Moiré superlattice can lead to the formation of self-similar mini-bands from the Landau fan diagram. According to the infrared optical spectroscopy measurements, the transitions between different Landau levels are characterized by massive Dirac fermions and thus reveal a band-gap of ～38 meV. Moreover, without magnetic fields, an optical conductivity peak related to the Moiré superlattice appears. We use three spinor potential components to explain the optical conductivity peak and demonstrate that the pseudospin-mixing component plays a dominant role in the spinor potential. In addition, the spinor potential depends sensitively on the gate voltage, indicating that the electron–electron interactions play an important part in the renormalization of the spinor potential.
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Keywords:
- graphene /
- Moiré /
- superlattice /
- band gap
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[1] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666
[2] Castro Neto A H, Guinea F, Peres N M R, Novoselov K S, Geim A K 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 109
[3] Geim A K, Novoselov K S 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 183
[4] Novoselov K S, Jiang D, Schedin F, Booth T J, Khotkevich V V, Morozov S V, Geim A K 2005 Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. 102 10451
[5] Novoselov K S, Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Morozov S V, Stormer H L, Zeitler U, Maan J C, Boebinger G S, Kim P, Geim A K 2007 Science 315 1379
[6] Zhang Y, Tan Y W, Stormer H L, Kim P 2005 Nature 438 201
[7] Novoselov K S, McCann E, Morozov S V, Fal’ko V I, Katsnelson M I, Zeitler U, Jiang D, Schedin F, Geim A K 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 177
[8] Katsnelson M I, Novoselov K S, Geim A K 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 620
[9] Beenakker C W J 2008 Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 1337
[10] Beenakker C W J 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 067007
[11] Novoselov K S, Fal’ko V I, Colombo L, Gellert P R, Schwab M G, Kim K 2012 Nature 490 192
[12] Hunt B, Sanchez-Yamagishi J D, Young A F, Yankowitz M, LeRoy B J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Moon P, Koshino M, Jarillo-Herrero P, Ashoori R C 2013 Science 340 1427
[13] Dean C R, Wang L, Maher P, Forsythe C, Ghahari F, Gao Y, Katoch J, Ishigami M, Moon P, Koshino M, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Shepard K L, Hone J, Kim P 2013 Nature 497 598
[14] Ponomarenko L A, Gorbachev R V, Yu G L, Elias D C, Jalil R, Patel A A, Mishchenko A, Mayorov A S, Woods C R, Wallbank J R, Mucha-Kruczynskiet M, Piot B A, Potemski M, Grigorieva I V, Novoselov K S, Guinea F, Fal’ko V I, Geim A K 2013 Nature 497 594
[15] Yankowitz M, Xue J, Cormode D, Sanchez-Yamagishi J D, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Jarillo-Herrero P, Jacquod P, LeRoy B J 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 382
[16] Yang W, Chen G, Shi Z, Liu C C, Zhang L, Xie G, Cheng M, Wang D, Yang R, Shi D, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Yao Y G, Zhang Y B, Zhang G Y 2013 Nat. Mater. 12 792
[17] Giovannetti G, Khomyakov P A, Brocks G, Kelly P J, van den Brink J 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 073103
[18] Dean CR, Young AF, Meric I, Lee C, Wang L, Sorgenfrei S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kim P, Shepard KL, Hone J 2010 Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 722
[19] Yang R, Zhang L, Wang Y, Shi Z, Shi D, Gao H, Wang E, Zhang G 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 4014
[20] Yang R, Shi Z, Zhang L, Shi D, Zhang G 2011 Nano Lett. 11 4083
[21] Ferrari A C, Meyer J C, Scardaci V, Casiraghi C, Lazzeri M, Mauri F, Piscanec S, Jiang D, Novoselov K S, Roth S, Geim A K 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 187401
[22] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Katsnelson M I, Grigorieva I V, Dubonos S V, Firsov A A 2005 Nature 438 197
[23] Chen Z G, Shi Z, Yang W, Lu X, Lai Y, Yan H, Wang F, Zhang G, Li Z 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4461
[24] Chen X, Wallbank J R, Patel A A, Mucha-Kruczyński M, McCann E, Fal’ko V I 2014 Phys. l Rev. B 89 075401
[25] Jiang Z, Henriksen E A, Tung L C, Wang Y J, Schwartz M E, Han M Y, Kim P, Stormer H L 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 197403
[26] Sadowski M L, Martinez G, Potemski M 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 266405
[27] Wallbank J R, Patel A A, Mucha-Kruczyński M, Geim AK, Fal’ko V I 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 245408
[28] Kindermann M, Uchoa B, Miller D L 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 115415
[29] Abergel D S L, Wallbank J R, Chen X, Mucha-Kruczyński M, Fal’ko V I 2013 New J. Phys. 15 123009
[30] Shi Z, Jin C, Yang W, Ju L, Horng J, Lu X, Bechtel H A, Martin M C, Fu D, Wu J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Zhang Y B, Bai X D, Wang E G, Zhang G Y, Wang F 2014 Nat. Phys. 10 743
[31] Wang F, Zhang Y, Tian C, Girit C, Zettl A, Crommie M, Shen Y R 2008 Science 320 206
[32] Horng J, Chen C F, Geng B, Girit C, Zhang Y, Hao Z, Bechtel H A, Martin M, Zettl A, Crommie M F, Shen Y R, Wang F 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 165113
[33] Li Z Q, Henriksen E A, Jiang Z, Hao Z, Martin M C, Kim P, Stormer H L, Basov D N 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 532
[34] Nair R R, Blake P, Grigorenko A N, Novoselov K S, Booth T J, Stauber T 2008 Science 320 1308
[35] Hwang E H, Das S S 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 205418
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