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The diffraction of the finite aperture in the optical imaging system restricts further improvement of the resolution of optical microscopy, which is called the diffraction limit. Since raised by Ernst Abbe in 1873, the problem of diffraction limit has been one of the foci of academic research. In recent years, with the rapid development of related fields such as the development of optoelectronic devices including high energy lasers and high sensitivity detectors and the development of new fluorescent probes, the problem of diffraction limit in optical microscopy ushered in a new opportunity, and super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has made remarkable achievements in the past decade. The basic principles of diffraction limited resolution in both space and frequency domains are reviewed, and on this basis, the mechanisms for the various SRM technologies to circumvent the diffraction limit and improve the resolution are explained in detail. The development trends and research directions of various SRM techniques are also introduced. As a new and important development trend of SRM, correlative super-resolution microscopy and its recent progress are reviewed, including correlative studies on SRM and time-lapse live cell fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, spectrometry and spectroscopy, electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, etc. The role and significance of various correlative super-resolution microscopy are discussed. The future development of super-resolution microscopy and correlative super-resolution microscopy is also prospected.
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Keywords:
- diffraction limit /
- super-resolution imaging /
- correlative microscopy /
- correlative super-resolution microscopy
[1] Volkmann H 1966 Appl. Opt. 5 1720
[2] Airy G B 1835 Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 5 283
[3] Yu D Y, Tan H Y 2011 Engineering Optics (3rd Ed.) (Beijing: China Machine Press) p400 (in Chinese) [郁道银, 谈恒英 2011 工程光学(第三版) (北京: 机械工业出版社) 第400页]
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[6] Rust M J, Bates M, Zhuang X 2006 Nat. Methods 3 793
[7] Hess S T, Girirajan T P K, Mason M D 2006 Biophys. J. 91 4258
[8] Hell S W, Wichmann J 1994 Opt. Lett. 19 780
[9] Klar T A, Jakops S, Dyba M, Hell S W 2000 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 8206
[10] Gustafsson M G L 2000 J. Microsc. 198 82
[11] Gustafsson M G L 2005 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 13081
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[13] Thompson R E, Larson D R, Webb W W 2002 Biophys. J. 82 2775
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[16] Bates M, Blosser T R, Zhuang X 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 108101
[17] Bates M, Huang B, Dempsey G T, Zhuang X 2007 Science 317 1749
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[19] Huang B, Wang W, Bates M, Zhuang X 2008 Science 319 810
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[52] Yan W, Yang Y, Tan Y, Chen X, Li Y, Qu J, Ye T 2017 Photon. Res. 5 176
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[57] Kner P, Chhun B B, Griffis E R, Winoto L, Gustafsson M G L 2009 Nat. Methods 6 339
[58] Shao L, Kner P, Rego E H, Gustafsson M G L 2011 Nat. Methods 8 1044
[59] Fiolka R, Shao L, Rego E H, Davidsonc M W, Gustafsson M G L 2012 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 5311
[60] Planchon T A, Gao L, Milkie D E, Davidson M W, Galbraith J A, Galbraith C G, Betzig E 2011 Nat. Methods 8 417
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[62] Gao L, Shao L, Chen B, Betzig E 2014 Nat. Protoc. 9 1083
[63] Li D, Shao L, Chen B, Zhang X, Zhang M, Moses B, Milkie D E, Beach J R, Hammer J A, Pasham M, Kirchhausen T, Baird M A, Davidson M W, Xu P, Betzig E 2015 Science 28 349
[64] Dan D, Lei M, Yao B, Wang W, Winterhalder M, Zumbusch A, Qi Y, Xia L, Yan S, Yang Y, Gao P, Ye T, Zhao W 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 1116
[65] Jones S A, Shim S H, He J, Zhuang X 2011 Nat. Methods. 8 499
[66] Yang Z, Sharma A, Qi J, Peng X, Lee D Y, Hu R, Lin D, Qu J, Kim J S 2016 Chem. Soc. Rev. 45 4651
[67] Samuel D 1996 Science 273 488
[68] Caplan J, Niethammer M, Taylor R M, Czymmek K J 2011 Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 21 686
[69] Watanabe S, Punge A, Hollopeter G, Willig K I, Hobson R J, Davis M W, Hell S W, Jorgensen Erik M 2011 Nat. Methods 8 80
[70] Xu K, Zhong G, Zhuang X 2013 Science 339 452
[71] Crossman D J, Hou Y, Jayasinghe I, Baddeley D, Soeller C 2015 Methods 88 98
[72] Barna L, Dudok B, Miczan V, Horvath A, Laszlo Z I, Katona I 2016 Nat. Protoc. 11 163
[73] Huang F, Hartwich T M P, Rivera-Molina F E, Lin Y,Duim W C, Long J J, Uchil P D, Myers J R, Baird M A,Mothes W, Davidson, M W, Toomre Derek, Bewersdorf J 2013 Nat. Methods 10 653
[74] Lin D, Ma W, Duan S, Zhang Y, Du L 2006 Apoptosis 11 1289
[75] Blint , Vilanova I V, lvarez S, Lakadamyali M 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110 3375
[76] Tam J, Cordier G A, Blint , lvarez S, Borbely J S, Lakadamyali M 2014 PLoS One 9 e115512
[77] Auksorius E, Boruah B R, Dunsby C, Lanigan P M P,Kennedy G, Neil M A A, French P M W 2008 Opt. Lett.33 113
[78] Bckers J, Wildanger D, Vicidomini G, Kastrup L, Hell S W 2011 Opt. Exp. 19 3130
[79] Wu Q, Qi J, Lin D, Yan W, Hu R, Peng X, Qu J 2017 Proc. SPIE 10069 1006922
[80] Zhang Z, Kenny S J, Hauser M, Li W, Xu K 2015 Nat.Methods 12 935
[81] Mlodzianoski M J, Curthoys N M, Gunewardene M S,Carter S, Hess S T 2016 PLoS One 11 e0147506
[82] Holman H Y N, Bechtel H A, Hao Z, Martin M C 2010 Anal. Chem. 82 8757
[83] Whelan D R, Bell T D M 2015 ACS Chem. Biol. 10 2874
[84] Giepmans B N G 2008 Histochem. Cell Biol. 130 211
[85] van Rijnsoever C, Oorschot V, Klumperman J 2008 Nat.Methods 5 973
[86] de Boer P, Hoogenboom J P, Giepmans B N G 2015 Nat. Methods 12 503
[87] Hauser M, Wojcik M, Kim D, Mahmoudi M, Li W, Xu K 2017 Chem. Rev. 117 7428
[88] Lschberger A, Franke C, Krohne G, van de Linde S,Sauer M 2014 J. Cell Sci. 127 4351
[89] Wojcik M, Hauser M, Li W, Moon S, Xu K 2015 Nat.Commun. 6 7384
[90] Betzig E, Trautman J K 1992 Science 257 189
[91] Sun Y, Lin D, Rui Y, Han D, Ma W 2006 J. Electron Microsc. 55 165
[92] Ge G, Han D, Lin D, Chu W, Sun Y, Jiang L, Ma W,Wang C 2007 Ultramicroscopy 107 299
[93] Harke B, Chacko J V, Haschke H, Canale C, Diaspro A 2012 Opt. Nanoscopy 1 3
[94] Odermatt P D, Shivanandan A, Deschout H, Jankele R,Nievergelt A P, Feletti L, Davidson M W, Radenovic A,Fantner G E 2015 Nano Lett. 15 4896
[95] Chacko J V, Zanacchi F C, Diaspro A 2013 Cytoskeleton 70 729
[96] Monserrate A, Casado S, Flors C 2014 ChemPhysChem 15 647
[97] Chacko J V, Canale C, Harke B, Diaspro A 2013 PLoS One 8 e66608
[98] Boxer S G, Kraft M L, Weber P K 2009 Annu. Rev.Biophys. 38 53
[99] Saka S K, Vogts A, Krnert K, Hillion F, Rizzoli S O,Wessels J T 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3664
[100] Hamel V, Guichard P, Fournier M, Guiet R, Fluckiger I, Sitz A, Gonczy P 2014 Biomed. Opt. Exp. 5 3326
[101] Rossberger S, Best G, Baddeley D, Heintzmann R, Birk U, Dithmar S, Cremer C 2013 J. Opt. 15 094003
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[1] Volkmann H 1966 Appl. Opt. 5 1720
[2] Airy G B 1835 Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 5 283
[3] Yu D Y, Tan H Y 2011 Engineering Optics (3rd Ed.) (Beijing: China Machine Press) p400 (in Chinese) [郁道银, 谈恒英 2011 工程光学(第三版) (北京: 机械工业出版社) 第400页]
[4] Su X Y, Li J T, Cao Y P, Zhang Q C 2011 Information Optics (3rd Ed.) (Beijing: Science Press) p74 (in Chinese) [苏显渝, 李继陶, 曹益平, 张启灿 2011 信息光学(第三版) (北京: 科学出版社) 第74页]
[5] Betzig E, Patterson G H, Sougrat R, Lindwasser O W, Olenych S, Bonifacino J S, Davidson M W, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Hess H F 2006 Science 313 1642
[6] Rust M J, Bates M, Zhuang X 2006 Nat. Methods 3 793
[7] Hess S T, Girirajan T P K, Mason M D 2006 Biophys. J. 91 4258
[8] Hell S W, Wichmann J 1994 Opt. Lett. 19 780
[9] Klar T A, Jakops S, Dyba M, Hell S W 2000 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 8206
[10] Gustafsson M G L 2000 J. Microsc. 198 82
[11] Gustafsson M G L 2005 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 13081
[12] Lin D, Ma W, Liu X, Sun Y, Wu Y 2008 Proc. 2008 CISP 4 244
[13] Thompson R E, Larson D R, Webb W W 2002 Biophys. J. 82 2775
[14] Betzig E 1995 Opt. Lett. 20 237
[15] Dickson R M, Cubitt A B, Tsien R Y, Moerner W E 1997 Nature 388 355
[16] Bates M, Blosser T R, Zhuang X 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 108101
[17] Bates M, Huang B, Dempsey G T, Zhuang X 2007 Science 317 1749
[18] Heilemann M, van de Linde S, Schuttpelz M, Kasper R, Seefeldt B, Mukherjee A, Tinnefeld P, Sauer M 2008 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 6172
[19] Huang B, Wang W, Bates M, Zhuang X 2008 Science 319 810
[20] Huang B, Jones S A, Brandenburg B, Zhuang X 2008 Nat. Methods 5 1047
[21] Pavani S R P, Thompson M A, Biteen J S, Lord S J, Liu N, Twieg R J, Piestun R, Moerner W E 2009 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106 2995
[22] Sharonov A, Hochstrasser R M 2006 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 18911
[23] Giannone G, Hosy E, Levet F, Constals A, Schulze K, Sobolevsky A I, Rosconi M P, Gouaux E, Robert Tamp, Choquet D, Cognet L 2010 Biophys. J. 99 1303
[24] Jungmann R, Steinhauer C, Scheible M, Kuzyk A, Tinnefeld P, Simmel F C 2010 Nano Lett. 10 4756
[25] Jungmann R, Avendano M S, Woehrstein J B, Dai M, Shih W M, Yin P 2014 Nat. Methods 11 313
[26] Folling J, Bossi M, Bock H, Medda R, Wurm C A, Hein B, Jakobs S, Eggeling C, Hell S W 2008 Nat. Methods 5 943
[27] Dertinger T, Colyer R, Iyer G, Weiss S, Enderlein J 2009 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106 22287
[28] Hafi N, Grunwald M, van den Heuvel L S, Aspelmeier T, Chen J H, Zagrebelsky M, Schtte O M, Steinem C, Korte M, Munk A, Walla P J 2014 Nat. Methods 11 579
[29] Chang H, Zhang M, Ji W, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liu B, Lu J, Zhang J, Xu P, Xu T 2012 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 4455
[30] Quan T, Li P, Long F, Zeng S, Luo Q, Hedde P N, Nienhaus G U, Huang Z 2010 Opt. Exp. 18 11867
[31] Pan D, Hu Z, Qiu F, Huang Z L, Ma Y, Wang Y, Qin L, Zhang Z, Zeng S, Zhang Y 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5573
[32] Chen C, Zong S, Wang Z, Lu J, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Cui Y 2016 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 25825
[33] Zeng Z, Chen X, Wang H, Huang N, Shan C, Zhang H, Teng J, Xi P 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 8359
[34] Chen X, Zeng Z, Wang H, Xi P 2015 Nano Res. 8 2251
[35] Zhanghao K, Chen L, Yang X, Wang M, Jing Z, Han H, Zhang M Q, Jin D, Gao J, Xi P 2016 Light: Sci. Appl. 5 e16166
[36] Ni Y, Cao B, Ma T, Niu G, Huo Y, Huang J, Chen D, Liu Y, Yu B, Zhang M Q, Niu H 2017 eLife 6 e21660
[37] Lin D Y, Ma W Y 2007 Physics 36 783 (in Chinese) [林丹樱, 马万云 2007 物理 36 783]
[38] Hell S W 1997 Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Nonlinear and Two-Photon-Induced Fluorescence (Vol. 5) (New York: Plenum) p361
[39] Wildanger D, Bckers J, Westphal V, Hell S W, Kastrup L 2009 Opt. Exp. 17 16100
[40] Hell S W, Willig K I, Dyba M, Jakobs S, Kastrup L, Westphal V 2006 Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy (3rd Ed.) (New York: Pawley, SpringerScience+Business Media) p571
[41] Hell S W, Kroug M 1995 Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 60 495
[42] Hofmann M, Eggeling C, Jakobs S, Hell S W 2005 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 17565
[43] Bretschneider S, Eggeling C, Hell S W 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 218103
[44] Donnert G, Keller J, Wurm C A, Rizzoli S O, Westphal V, Schnle A, Jahn R, Jakobs S, Eggeling C, Hell S W 2007 Biophys. J. 92 L67
[45] Willig K I, Harke B, Medda R, Hell S W 2007 Nat. Methods 4 915
[46] Westphal V, Rizzoli S O, Lauterbach M A, Kamin D, Jahn R, Hell S W 2008 Science 320 246
[47] Berning S, Willig K I, Steffens H, Dibaj P, Hell S W 2012 Science 335 551
[48] Liu Y, Ding Y, Alonas E, Zhao W, Santangelo P J, Jin D, Piper J A, Teng J, Ren Q, Xi P 2012 PLoS One 7 e40003
[49] Wang Y, Kuang C, Li S, Hao X, Xu Y, Liu X 2014 Microsc. Res. Techniq. 77 935
[50] Yu J, Yuan J, Zhang X, Liu J, Fang X 2013 Chin. Sci. Bull. 58 4045
[51] Yu W, Ji Z, Dong D, Yang X, Xiao Y, Gong Q, Xi P, Shi K 2016 Laser Photon. Rev. 10 147
[52] Yan W, Yang Y, Tan Y, Chen X, Li Y, Qu J, Ye T 2017 Photon. Res. 5 176
[53] Cai Z, Liu X, Jiang H, He D, Peng X, Huang S, Zhang Z 2015 Opt. Exp. 23 25171
[54] Du Y, Huang J, Lin D, Niu H 2012 Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 404 793
[55] Heintzmann R, Jovin T M, Cremer C 2002 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19 1599
[56] Gustafsson M G L, Shao L, Carlton P M, Wang C J R, Golubovskaya I N, Cande W Z, Agard D A, Sedaty J W 2008 Biophys. J. 94 4957
[57] Kner P, Chhun B B, Griffis E R, Winoto L, Gustafsson M G L 2009 Nat. Methods 6 339
[58] Shao L, Kner P, Rego E H, Gustafsson M G L 2011 Nat. Methods 8 1044
[59] Fiolka R, Shao L, Rego E H, Davidsonc M W, Gustafsson M G L 2012 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 5311
[60] Planchon T A, Gao L, Milkie D E, Davidson M W, Galbraith J A, Galbraith C G, Betzig E 2011 Nat. Methods 8 417
[61] Chen B C, Legant W R, Wang K, Shao L, Milkie D E, Davidson M W, Janetopoulos C, Wu X S, Hammer J A, Liu Z, English B P, Mimori-Kiyosue Y, Romero D P, Ritter A T, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Fritz-Laylin L, Mullins R D, Mitchell D M, Bembenek J N, Reymann A, Bhme R, Grill S W, Wang J T, Seydoux G, Tulu U S, Kiehart D P, Betzig E 2014 Science 346 1257998
[62] Gao L, Shao L, Chen B, Betzig E 2014 Nat. Protoc. 9 1083
[63] Li D, Shao L, Chen B, Zhang X, Zhang M, Moses B, Milkie D E, Beach J R, Hammer J A, Pasham M, Kirchhausen T, Baird M A, Davidson M W, Xu P, Betzig E 2015 Science 28 349
[64] Dan D, Lei M, Yao B, Wang W, Winterhalder M, Zumbusch A, Qi Y, Xia L, Yan S, Yang Y, Gao P, Ye T, Zhao W 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 1116
[65] Jones S A, Shim S H, He J, Zhuang X 2011 Nat. Methods. 8 499
[66] Yang Z, Sharma A, Qi J, Peng X, Lee D Y, Hu R, Lin D, Qu J, Kim J S 2016 Chem. Soc. Rev. 45 4651
[67] Samuel D 1996 Science 273 488
[68] Caplan J, Niethammer M, Taylor R M, Czymmek K J 2011 Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 21 686
[69] Watanabe S, Punge A, Hollopeter G, Willig K I, Hobson R J, Davis M W, Hell S W, Jorgensen Erik M 2011 Nat. Methods 8 80
[70] Xu K, Zhong G, Zhuang X 2013 Science 339 452
[71] Crossman D J, Hou Y, Jayasinghe I, Baddeley D, Soeller C 2015 Methods 88 98
[72] Barna L, Dudok B, Miczan V, Horvath A, Laszlo Z I, Katona I 2016 Nat. Protoc. 11 163
[73] Huang F, Hartwich T M P, Rivera-Molina F E, Lin Y,Duim W C, Long J J, Uchil P D, Myers J R, Baird M A,Mothes W, Davidson, M W, Toomre Derek, Bewersdorf J 2013 Nat. Methods 10 653
[74] Lin D, Ma W, Duan S, Zhang Y, Du L 2006 Apoptosis 11 1289
[75] Blint , Vilanova I V, lvarez S, Lakadamyali M 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110 3375
[76] Tam J, Cordier G A, Blint , lvarez S, Borbely J S, Lakadamyali M 2014 PLoS One 9 e115512
[77] Auksorius E, Boruah B R, Dunsby C, Lanigan P M P,Kennedy G, Neil M A A, French P M W 2008 Opt. Lett.33 113
[78] Bckers J, Wildanger D, Vicidomini G, Kastrup L, Hell S W 2011 Opt. Exp. 19 3130
[79] Wu Q, Qi J, Lin D, Yan W, Hu R, Peng X, Qu J 2017 Proc. SPIE 10069 1006922
[80] Zhang Z, Kenny S J, Hauser M, Li W, Xu K 2015 Nat.Methods 12 935
[81] Mlodzianoski M J, Curthoys N M, Gunewardene M S,Carter S, Hess S T 2016 PLoS One 11 e0147506
[82] Holman H Y N, Bechtel H A, Hao Z, Martin M C 2010 Anal. Chem. 82 8757
[83] Whelan D R, Bell T D M 2015 ACS Chem. Biol. 10 2874
[84] Giepmans B N G 2008 Histochem. Cell Biol. 130 211
[85] van Rijnsoever C, Oorschot V, Klumperman J 2008 Nat.Methods 5 973
[86] de Boer P, Hoogenboom J P, Giepmans B N G 2015 Nat. Methods 12 503
[87] Hauser M, Wojcik M, Kim D, Mahmoudi M, Li W, Xu K 2017 Chem. Rev. 117 7428
[88] Lschberger A, Franke C, Krohne G, van de Linde S,Sauer M 2014 J. Cell Sci. 127 4351
[89] Wojcik M, Hauser M, Li W, Moon S, Xu K 2015 Nat.Commun. 6 7384
[90] Betzig E, Trautman J K 1992 Science 257 189
[91] Sun Y, Lin D, Rui Y, Han D, Ma W 2006 J. Electron Microsc. 55 165
[92] Ge G, Han D, Lin D, Chu W, Sun Y, Jiang L, Ma W,Wang C 2007 Ultramicroscopy 107 299
[93] Harke B, Chacko J V, Haschke H, Canale C, Diaspro A 2012 Opt. Nanoscopy 1 3
[94] Odermatt P D, Shivanandan A, Deschout H, Jankele R,Nievergelt A P, Feletti L, Davidson M W, Radenovic A,Fantner G E 2015 Nano Lett. 15 4896
[95] Chacko J V, Zanacchi F C, Diaspro A 2013 Cytoskeleton 70 729
[96] Monserrate A, Casado S, Flors C 2014 ChemPhysChem 15 647
[97] Chacko J V, Canale C, Harke B, Diaspro A 2013 PLoS One 8 e66608
[98] Boxer S G, Kraft M L, Weber P K 2009 Annu. Rev.Biophys. 38 53
[99] Saka S K, Vogts A, Krnert K, Hillion F, Rizzoli S O,Wessels J T 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3664
[100] Hamel V, Guichard P, Fournier M, Guiet R, Fluckiger I, Sitz A, Gonczy P 2014 Biomed. Opt. Exp. 5 3326
[101] Rossberger S, Best G, Baddeley D, Heintzmann R, Birk U, Dithmar S, Cremer C 2013 J. Opt. 15 094003
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