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The mechanical properties of ultra-high strength martensite steel strongly depend on the shape, size and content of the reversed austenite. In general, the plasticity and toughness of the materials can be improved effectively by increasing the content of the reversed austenite. After aging treatment of Cu-bearing as-quenched steel with martensitic microstructure, Cu particles precipitate at the boundary of martensitic structure and act as heterogeneous nucleation sites to promote the nucleation of reversed austenite. In order to explore the effects of different alloying elements on heterogeneous nucleation of reversed austenite on Cu particles, the effects of X (X = Cr, Al, Mo, W, Ni, Co, Mn) on the interfacial properties of Cu/γ-Fe are studied via first-principles method. The adhesion work, interfacial energy and electronic structure of the interfaces before and after the replacement of Cu and Fe atoms at Cu/γ-Fe boundaries are calculated. The results show that when the alloying elements replace Cu atoms at the Cu/γ-Fe interface, strong X—Fe covalent bond forms at the Cu/γ-Fe interface, the adhesion work increases and the interfacial energy decreases, and thus improve the heterogeneous nucleation capability of reverted γ-Fe on Cu particles. When Fe atoms at the interface are replaced, the stability of the interface changes little, and the bonding between the doped atoms and the neighboring atoms is weak.
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Keywords:
- first-principles /
- reversed austenite /
- heterogeneous nucleation /
- adhesion work
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图 1 (a) Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010)界面结构示意图; (b) Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010)界面侧视图
Figure 1. (a) Schematic structure for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) interface; (b) side view for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) interface.
图 2 (a) Cr替换Cu原子的Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010)界面结构示意图; (b) Cr替换Cu原子的Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010)界面侧视图
Figure 2. (a) Schematic structure of Cr replacing Cu for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) interface; (b) side view of Cr replacing Cu for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) interface.
图 3 (a) 合金元素替换Cu后Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010)界面的黏附功与界面能; (b) 合金元素替换Fe后Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010)界面的黏附功与界面能
Figure 3. (a) Work of adhesion and interfacial energy for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) after replacing Cu atom; (b) work of adhesion and interfacial energy for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) after replacing Fe atom
图 4 (a) 掺杂前界面的分波态密度; (b)—(h) Cr, Al, Mo, W, Ni, Co和Mn替换Cu原子后界面的分波态密度
Figure 4. (a) Partial density of states on the interface for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) before doping; (b)–(h) partial density of states on the interface for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) after replacing Cu by Cr, Al, Mo, W, Ni, Co, and Mn, respectively.
图 5 (a)掺杂前界面的分波态密度; (b)—(h) Cr, Al, Mo, W, Ni, Co和Mn替换Fe原子后界面的分波态密度
Figure 5. (a) Partial density of states on the interface for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) before doping; (b)–(h) partial density of states on the interface for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) after replacing Fe by by Cr, Al, Mo, W, Ni, Co, and Mn, respectively.
图 6 替换Cu原子前后Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010)界面差分电荷密度
Figure 6. Difference charge density for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) interface before and after replacing Cu by different alloy atoms.
表 1 Cu(010)和γ-Fe(010)表面能收敛趋势
Table 1. Convergence of Cu(010) and γ-Fe(010) surface energy.
Number of pils N $ {E}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{f}}^{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}} $/(J·m–2) $ {E}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{f}}^{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}} $/(J·m–2) 5 1.41 3.79 7 1.44 3.75 9 1.43 3.76 11 1.44 3.75 
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表 2 合金元素X替换Cu前后界面布居分析
Table 2. Mulliken population analysis on the interface for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) before and after replacement of Cu by alloying element X
Atom Total electron/e Transfer charge/e Atom Total electron/e Transfer charge/e Cu 11.14 –0.14 Fe 7.90 0.10 Cr 13.76 0.24 Fe 7.97 0.03 Al 2.89 0.11 Fe 8.04 –0.04 Mo 13.73 0.27 Fe 8.03 –0.03 W 8.01 –0.01 Fe 13.92 0.08 Ni 9.83 0.17 Fe 7.98 0.02 Co 8.74 0.26 Fe 7.96 0.04 Mn 6.55 0.45 Fe 8.00 0
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表 3 合金元素X替换Cu和Fe前后界面原子键长
Table 3. Bond length on the interface for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) before and after replacement of Cu or Fe by alloying element X
键 键长/Å 键 键长/Å Cu—Fe 2.42 Cu—Fe 2.42 Cr—Fe 2.06 Cr—Cu 2.48 Al—Fe 2.39 Al—Cu 2.53 Mo—Fe 2.23 Mo—Cu 2.57 W—Fe 2.28 W—Cu 2.57 Ni—Fe 2.31 Ni—Cu 2.48 Co—Fe 2.20 Co—Cu 2.41 Mn—Fe 2.13 Mn—Cu 2.47
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表 4 合金元素X替换Fe前后界面布居分析
Table 4. Mulliken population analysis on the interface for Cu(010)/γ-Fe(010) before and after replacement of Fe by alloying element X atom.
Atom Total electron/e Transfer charge/e Atom Total electron/e Transfer charge/e Fe 7.90 0.10 Cu 11.14 –0.14 Cr 13.86 0.14 Cu 11.10 –0.10 Al 3.03 –0.03 Cu 11.11 –0.11 Mo 13.90 0.10 Cu 11.20 –0.20 W 14.09 –0.09 Cu 11.19 –0.19 Ni 11.04 –0.04 Cu 11.10 –0.10 Co 8.94 0.06 Cu 11.12 –0.12 Mn 6.67 0.33 Cu 11.18 –0.18
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[1] Garrison W M 1990 JOM 42 20
Google Scholar
[2] Skubisz P, Sinczak J 2018 Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Technol. 90 713
Google Scholar
[3] Jia L J, Hui H B, Yu Q H, Song Y 2014 Adv. Mater. Res. 859 238
Google Scholar
[4] Mou B, Zhou W, Qiao Q, Feng P, Wu C 2021 Eng. Struct. 228 111483
Google Scholar
[5] Wang Y, Sun J, Jiang T, Jiang T, Sun Y, Guo S, Liu Y 2018 Acta Mater. 158 247
Google Scholar
[6] Zhao L, Chen X, Wu T, Zhai Q 2020 Materials. 13 4340
Google Scholar
[7] Zhou J H, Shen Y F, Hong Y Y, Xue W Y, Misra R D K 2020 Mater. Sci. Eng., A 769 138471
Google Scholar
[8] Malakondaiah G, Srinivas M, Murthy J M, Rao P R 1994 Bull. Mater. Sci. 17 73
Google Scholar
[9] Ayer R, Machmeier P M 1993 Metall. Trans. A 24 1943
Google Scholar
[10] Viswanathan U K, Dey G K, Sethumadhavan V 2005 Mater. Sci. Eng., A 398 367
Google Scholar
[11] Tomohiko H, Tomohiro K, Koh-ichi S 2010 Bull. Tsuy. Nat. Coll. Technol. 52 9
[12] He Y, Yang K, Qu W, Kong F, Su G 2002 Mater. Lett. 56 763
Google Scholar
[13] Machmeier P, Matuszewski T, Jones R, Ayer R 1997 J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 6 279
Google Scholar
[14] Gruber M, Ressel G, F Méndez Martín, Ploberger S, Marsoner S, Ebner R 2016 Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47 1
Google Scholar
[15] Govindaraj V, Hodgson P, Singh R P, Beladi H 2021 Mater. Sci. Eng., A 808 140909
Google Scholar
[16] Huang D, Yan J, Zuo X 2019 Mater. Charact. 155 109786
Google Scholar
[17] Vanderbilt D 1990 Phys. Rev. B:Condens. Matter. 41 7892
Google Scholar
[18] Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. lett. 77 3865
Google Scholar
[19] Bitter F, Kaufmann A R 1939 Phys. Rev. 56 1044
Google Scholar
[20] Li Y, Gao Y, Xiao B, Min T, Fan Z, Ma S, Yi D 2011 Comput. Mater. Sci. 50 939
Google Scholar
[21] Liu P, Han X, Sun D, Sun D, Chen Z, Wang Q 2018 Intermetallics 96 49
Google Scholar
[22] Lü Z, Xiao S, Xiao Z, Xiao S, Xiao Z, Qian L, Wang W, Zhou Y, Fu W 2017 J. Alloys Compd. 718 139
Google Scholar
[23] Yang G, Liu Y, Hang Z, Xi N, Fu H, Chen H 2019 J. Rare Earths 37 773
Google Scholar
[24] Sun M, Tang W, Ren Q, Wang S, Yu J, Du Y 2015 Appl. Surf. Sci. 356 110
Google Scholar
[25] Yang J, Huang J, Fan D, Chen S, Zhao X 2016 Appl. Surf. Sci. 384 207
Google Scholar
[26] Zhao X, Zhuo Y, Liu S, Zou Y, Zhao C, Wang C, Yang Q 2016 Surf. Coat. Technol. 305 200
Google Scholar
[27] Zhao X, Yuan X, Liu S, Zhao C, Wang C, Zhou Y, Yang Q 2017 J. Alloys Compd. 695 1753
Google Scholar
[28] Christensen M, Dudiy S, Wahnstrm G 2002 Phys. Rev. B 65 045408
Google Scholar
[29] Han Y F, Dai Y B, Wang J, Shu D, Sun B D 2011 Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 7831
Google Scholar
[30] Lu S, Hu Q M, Yang R, Johansson B, Vitos L 2010 Phys. Rev. B. 82 195103
Google Scholar
[31] Yang J, Zhang P, Zhou Y, Guo J, Ren X, Yang Y, Yang Q 2013 J. Alloys Compd. 556 160
Google Scholar
[32] Segall M D, Shah R, Pickard C J, Payne M C 1996 Phys. Rev. B:Condens. Matter. 54 16317
Google Scholar
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