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Constructing Type-II heterostructure is an effective scheme to tailor the electronic structure and improve the application performance. Motivated by recently successful syntheses of Mg(OH)2 and GaS monolayers, we investigate the stability, electronic, and optical properties of GaS/Mg(OH)2 heterostructure by using the density functional theory method. The calculated results show that GaS/Mg(OH)2 heterostructure is easily constructed due to its small lattice mismatch, negative binding energy, and thermodynamic stability. Compared with monolayer materials, the GaS/Mg(OH)2 heterostructure has a band gap that effectively decreases to 2.021 eV and has Type-II band structure, facilitating the spatial separation of photo-generated carriers where electrons are localized in the GaS and holes reside in the Mg(OH)2 monolayers. The built-in electric field induced by the interlayer charge transfer points from GaS to Mg(OH)2 monolayer, which can further improve the separation and suppress the recombination of electron-hole pairs. Under the biaxial strain, the valance band maximum and conduction band minimum of GaS/Mg(OH)2 heterostructure shift in the downward direction to different extents, resulting in obvious change of band gap, with the change reaching about 0.5 eV. Furthermore, the band structure of GaS/Mg(OH)2 heterostructure can be transformed from indirect band gap semiconductor into direct band gap semiconductor under the tensile strain, while GaS/Mg(OH)2 heterostructure maintains Type-II band structure. Additionally, the band edge positions of GaS/Mg(OH)2 heterostructure can also be effectively adjusted to cross the redox potentials of water decomposition at pH = 0–7. The light absorption spectra show that GaS/Mg(OH)2 heterostructure has stronger light absorption capability than the constituent monolayers. Especially, the light absorption has an obvious redshift phenomenon at a tensile strain of 3%. These findings indicate that the GaS/Mg(OH)2 heterostructure has a wide range of applications in the field of optoelectronics due to the tunable electronic properties, and also provides some valuable insights for future research.
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Keywords:
- heterostructure /
- electronic structure /
- strain /
- first-principle methods
[1] Guo Y T, Yi S S 2023 Materials 16 5798
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[45] Tang W, Sanville E, Henkelman G 2009 J. Phys. : Condens. Matter. 21 084204
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[48] Gajdoš M, Hummer K, Kresse G, Furthmüller J, Bechstedt F 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 045112
Google Scholar
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图 1 (a) GaS和(b) Mg(OH)2几何结构; (c), (e)和(d), (f)是GaS和Mg(OH)2单层的PDOS和能带结构
Figure 1. Geometric structures of (a) GaS and (b) Mg(OH)2 monolayers; (c), (e) and (d), (f) are the PDOS and band structures of GaS and Mg(OH)2 monolayers, respectively.
图 2 GaMg-HS异质结构三种不同构型的俯视图和侧视图 (a) H1; (b) H2; (c) H3
Figure 2. Top and side views for three different conformations of GaMg-HS: (a) H1; (b) H2; (c) H3.
图 3 (a) GaMg-HS的声子谱; (b), (c) 模拟结束后GaMg-HS的俯视图和侧视图; (d), (e) 总能和温度随模拟时间的变化关系
Figure 3. (a) Phonon spectra for GaMg-HS; (b), (c) top and side views of the snapshot of GaMg-HS at the end of simulations; (d), (e) variations of total energy and temperature against the time for simulations.
图 4 (a) GaMg-HS的投影能带结构, 红色和蓝色能带由GaS和Mg(OH)2单层贡献; (b), (c) GaMg-HS的总态密度和投影态密度(费米能级用虚线表示)
Figure 4. (a) Projected band structure for GaMg-HS, the bands plotted in red and blue indicate the bands are dominated by GaS and Mg(OH)2 monolayers, respectively; (b), (c) the total and projected density of states for GaMg-HS (Fermi level is indicated by a dashed line).
图 5 (a) GaMg-HS界面电荷分离机制示意图; (b) GaMg-HS的差分电荷密度图, 黄色和青色区域分别代表电子积累和消耗; (c) GaMg-HS的导带最小处(CBM)和价带最大处(VBM)的电荷密度(等值为0.003 e/Å3)
Figure 5. (a) Schematic diagram of interfacial charge separation mechanism of GaMg-HS; (b) the charge-density difference for GaMg-HS, the yellow and cyan areas represent electron accumulation and depletion, respectively; (c) the charge density of GaMg-HS for the VBM and the CBM (the isovalue is 0.003 e/Å3).
图 6 (a) GaMg-HS的带隙和应变能与平面内双轴应变的关系; (b)不同平面内双轴应变下GaMg-HS的带边位置与水的氧化还原电位的关系
Figure 6. (a) Band gaps and strain energies as a function of in-plane biaxial strain for GaMg-HS; (b) band edge alignment of the GaMg-HS under different in-plane biaxial strains with respect to the water redox potentials, respectively.
图 7 GaMg-HS的能带结构随面内双轴拉伸应变的变化 (a) 0%; (b) 1%; (c) 2%; (d) 3%; (e) 4%; (f) 5%. Γ点处的导带分别标记为A(红色), B(蓝色), C(绿色)和D(橄榄色)
Figure 7. Band structures of GaMg-HS as a function of in-layer biaxial tensile strain: (a) 0%; (b) 1%; (c) 2%; (d) 3%; (e) 4%; (f) 5%. The conduction band lines at the Γ point are labeled as A (red), B (blue), C (green), and D (olive), respectively.
图 8 GaMg-HS的导带投影随面内双轴拉伸应变的关系图 (a) 0%; (b) 1%; (c) 2%; (d) 3%; (e) 4%; (f) 5%. 每条带中的圆圈的大小表示来自不同原子轨道的贡献
Figure 8. Projected conduction band structures of GaMg-HS as a function of in-layer biaxial tensile strain: (a) 0%; (b) 1%; (c) 2%; (d) 3%; (e) 4%; (f) 5%. The size of the circles in each band denotes the contributions from different atomic orbitals.
图 9 GaS和Mg(OH)2单层以及GaMg-HS的光吸收谱, 同时给出了拉伸应变为3%时的光吸收谱作为对比
Figure 9. Optical absorption spectra for GaS and Mg(OH)2 monolayers as well as the GaMg-HS, the optical absorbance spectrum at a tensile strain of 3% is also shown for comparison.
表 1 GaS和Mg(OH)2单层及其异质结的晶格参数a、键长d、带隙和相对于真空能级的带边位置
Table 1. Lattice parameters a, bond lengths d, band gaps and the band edge positions with respect to vacuum for GaS and Mg(OH)2 monolayers, and heterostructure, respectively.
Structure a/Å dGa–S/Å dGa–Ga/Å dMg–O/Å dO–H/Å Eg/eV ECBM/eV EVBM/eV GaS 3.639 2.368 2.476 — — 3.212 –3.603 –6.815 Mg(OH)2 3.149 — — 2.094 0.966 4.733 –0.825 –5.558 GaS/Mg(OH)2 6.225 2.352 2.441 2.082 0.964 2.021 –3.497 –5.518 
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表 2 面内双轴拉伸应变(0%—5%)状态下的GaMg-HS相关键长
Table 2. Bond lengths of GaMg-HS under the different in-layer biaxial tensile strain: 0%–5%.
Strain $ {d_{{\rm{S-Ga}}}} $/Å $ {d_{{\rm{Ga-Ga}}}} $/Å $ {h_{{\rm{S-Ga}}}} $/Å 0% 2.351 2.441 1.116 1% 2.361 2.443 1.099 2% 2.371 2.444 1.080 3% 2.382 2.446 1.062 4% 2.392 2.447 1.040 5% 2.403 2.450 1.025
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[1] Guo Y T, Yi S S 2023 Materials 16 5798
Google Scholar
[2] Radisavljevic B, Radenovic A, Brivio J, Giacometti V, Kis A 2011 Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 147
Google Scholar
[3] Xia J, Huang X, Liu L Z, Wang M, Wang L, Huang B, Zhu D D, Li J J, Gu C Z, Meng X M 2014 Nanoscale 6 8949
Google Scholar
[4] Pospischil A, Furchi M M, Mueller T 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 257
Google Scholar
[5] Lukatskaya M R, Mashtalir O, Ren C E, Dall’Agnese Y, Rozier P, Taberna P L, Naguib M, Simon P, Barsoum M W, Gogotsi Y 2013 Science 341 1502
Google Scholar
[6] Wang Y S, Yu X Q, Xu S Y, Bai J M, Xiao R J, Hu Y S, Li H, Yang X Q, Chen L Q, Huang X J 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2365
Google Scholar
[7] Fu C F, Sun J Y, Luo Q Q, Li X X, Hu W, Yang J L 2018 Nano Lett. 18 6312
Google Scholar
[8] Zhao P, Ma Y D, Lü X S, Li M M, Huang B B, Dai Y 2018 Nano Energy 51 533
Google Scholar
[9] Guo H Y, Zhao Y, Lu N, Kan E J, Zeng X C, Wu X J, Yang J L 2012 J. Phys. Chem. C 116 11336
Google Scholar
[10] Wang H, Zhang J J, Hang X D, Zhang X D, Xie J F, Pan B C, Xie Y 2015 Angew. Chem. 127 1211
Google Scholar
[11] Tao S D, Xu B, Shi J, Zhong S Y, Lei X L, Liu G, Wu M S 2019 J. Phys. Chem. C 123 9059
Google Scholar
[12] Zhong H X, Xiong W Q, Lü P F, Yu J, Yuan S J 2021 Phys. Rev. B 103 085124
Google Scholar
[13] Niu X H, Li Y H, Shu H B, Yao X J, Wan J L 2017 J. Phys. Chem. C 121 3648
Google Scholar
[14] Li H, Tsai C, Koh A L, Cai L, Contryman A W, Fragapane A H, Zhao J H, Han H S, Manoharan H C, Abild-Pedersen F, Nørskov J K, Zheng X L 2016 Nat. Mater. 15 48
Google Scholar
[15] Qian G L, Xie Q, Liang Q, Luo X Y, Wang Y X 2023 Phys. Rev. B 107 155306
Google Scholar
[16] Zhang M Z, Tang C M, Cheng W, Fu L 2021 J. Alloy. Compd. 855 157432
Google Scholar
[17] Wang X L, Quhe R, Cui W, Zhi Y S, Huang Y Q, An Y H, Dai X Q, Tang Y A, Chen W G, Wu Z P, Tang W H 2018 Carbon 129 738
Google Scholar
[18] Sen R, Jatkar K, Johari P 2020 Phys. Rev. B 101 235425
Google Scholar
[19] Huang W J, Gan L, Li H Q, Ma Y, Zhai T Y 2016 Cryst. Eng. Comm 18 3968
Google Scholar
[20] Hu P A, Wang L F, Yoon M, Zhang J, Feng W, Wang X N, Wen Z Z, Idrobo J C, Miyamoto Y, Geohegan D B, Xiao K 2013 Nano Lett. 13 1649
Google Scholar
[21] Jie W J, Chen X, Li D, Xie L, Hui Y Y, Lau S P, Cui X D, Hao J H 2015 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54 1185
Google Scholar
[22] Wang Z X, Xu K, Li Y C, Zhan X Y, Safdar M, Wang Q, Wang F M, He J 2014 ACS Nano 8 4859
Google Scholar
[23] Mudd G W, Svatek S A, Ren T, Patane A, Makarovsky O, Eaves L, HBeton P, Kovalyuk Z D, Lashkarev G V, Kudrynskyi Z R, Dmitriev A I 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 5714
Google Scholar
[24] Late D J, Liu B, Luo J, Yan A, Matte H S S R, Grayson M, Rao C N R, Dravid V P 2012 Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 3549
Google Scholar
[25] Kouser S, Thannikoth A, Gupta U, Waghmare U V, Rao C N R 2015 Small 11 4723
Google Scholar
[26] Wang B, Kuang A L, Luo X K, Wang G Z, Yuan H K, Chen H 2018 Appl. Surf. Sci. 439 374
Google Scholar
[27] Lin Z L, Lin T T, Lin T J, Tang X, Chen G J, Xiao J Y, Wang H Y, Wang W L, Li G Q 2023 Appl. Phys. Lett. 122 131101
Google Scholar
[28] Shin G H, Lee G B, An E S, Park C, Jin H J, Lee K J, Oh D S, Kim J S, Choi Y K, Choi S Y 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 5106
Google Scholar
[29] Yin H J, Tang Z Y 2016 Chem. Soc. Rev. 45 4873
Google Scholar
[30] Suslu A, Wu K, Sahin H, Chen B, Yang S, Cai H, Aoki T, Horzum S, Kang J, Peeters F M, Tongay S 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 20525
Google Scholar
[31] Wang J B, Zhang N, Wang Y H, Zhao H S, Chen H M, Zeng H T, Zhao L J, Yang Q, Feng B Y 2024 Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 53 247
Google Scholar
[32] Xiong W Q, Xia C X, Du J, Wang T X, Zhao X, Peng Y T, Wei Z M, Li J B 2017 Phys. Rev. B 95 245408
Google Scholar
[33] Wang F, Cui A Y, Sun H M, Zhou B, Xu L P, Jiang K, Shang L Y, Hu Z G, Chu J H 2019 J. Alloy. Compd. 785 156
Google Scholar
[34] Kresse G, Furthmüller J 1996 Comp. Mat. Sci. 6 15
Google Scholar
[35] Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3865
Google Scholar
[36] Grimme S 2006 J. Comput. Chem. 27 1787
Google Scholar
[37] Monkhorst H J, Pack J D 1976 Phys. Rev. B 13 5188
Google Scholar
[38] Heyd J, Scuseria G E, Ernzerhof M 2003 J. Chem. Phys. 118 8207
Google Scholar
[39] Zhuang H L, Hennig R G 2013 Chem. Mater. 25 3232
Google Scholar
[40] Jung C S, Shojaei F, Park K, Oh J Y, Im H S, Jang D M, Park J, Kang H S 2015 ACS Nano 9 9585
Google Scholar
[41] Wang B J, Li X H, Cai X L, Yu W Y, Zhang L W, Zhao R Q, Ke S H 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 7075
Google Scholar
[42] Luo Y, Wang S K, Ren K, Chou J P, Yu J, Sun Z M, Sun M L 2019 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 21 1791
Google Scholar
[43] Ren K, Yu J, Tang W C 2019 J. Appl. Phys. 126 065701
Google Scholar
[44] Kumar R, Das D, Singh A K 2018 J. Catal. 359 143
Google Scholar
[45] Tang W, Sanville E, Henkelman G 2009 J. Phys. : Condens. Matter. 21 084204
Google Scholar
[46] Bai K F, Cui Z, Li E L, Ding Y C, Zheng J S, Liu C, Zheng Y P 2020 Vacuum 180 109562
Google Scholar
[47] Lou J B, Ren K, Huang Z M, Huo W Y, Zhu Z Y, Yu J 2021 RSC Adv. 11 29576
Google Scholar
[48] Gajdoš M, Hummer K, Kresse G, Furthmüller J, Bechstedt F 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 045112
Google Scholar
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