Micro cone-beam CT scanner based on X-ray polycapillary optics

Zhou La-Zhen; Xia Wen-Jing; Xu Qian-Qian; Chen Zan; Li Fang-Zuo; Liu Zhi-Guo; Sun Tian-Xi

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20212195

Abstract

In-vivo small animal imaging system is an important part of disease research and new drug development. It is essential for living small animal imaging system to be able to provide the anatomical structure, molecular and functional information. The X-ray micro cone-beam computed tomography (micro-CBCT) can perform longitudinal study with a resolution of tens-to-hundreds of microns in a short imaging time at a relatively low cost. Furthermore, it is easy to combine with other modalities to provide abundant information about small animals. A key challenge to the micro-CBCT scanner is that its spatial and contrast resolution determined primarily by the X-ray focal spot size, the detector element size, and the system geometry. Aiming to improve the spatial resolution, contrast resolution, and imaging uniformity of the micro-CBCT system, we use the X-ray polycapillary optics for adjusting the X-ray source. A micro-CBCT based on X-ray polycapillary optics with a large field of view is constructed for the small animal imaging study. The micro-CBCT system is composed of microfocus X-ray tube with an attached polycapillary focusing X-ray lens, amorphous silicon-based flat panel detector, rotation stage, and controlling PC. The Feldkamp-Daivs-Kress (FDK) algorithm is adopted to reconstruct the image. The system performances are evaluated. The magnification of this micro-CBCT system is 1.97. The results show that the spatial resolution of the system at 10% modulation transfer function (MTF) is 9.1 lp/mm, which is 1.35 times higher than that in the case of no optics. The image uniformity deterioration caused by hardening effect is effectively alleviated by filtrating the low energy X-rays with the X-ray polycapillary optics and the contrast enhancement is more than twice. The anesthetic rats are imaged with this micro-CBCT system in vivo and the practicability of the system in small animal imaging research is verified.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Beam Technology Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

Corresponding author: Li Fang-Zuo, lfz880920@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11865003), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China (Grant No. 20192BAB212008), and the Gannan Medicla University Foundation, China (Grant No. QD201805).

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References

[1]	Gregory S G, Sekhon M, Schein J, et al. 2002 Nature 418 743 Google Scholar
[2]	Ntziachristos V, Ripoll J, Wang L V, Weissleder R 2005 Nat. Biotechnol. 23 313 Google Scholar
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[5]	Jan M L, Ni Y C, Chen K W, Ching H 2006 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 569 314 Google Scholar
[6]	Biederer J, Mirsadraee S, Beer M, Molinari F, Puderbach M 2012 Insights Into Imaging 3 373 Google Scholar
[7]	Hoyer C, Gass N, Fahr W W, Sartorius A 2014 Neuropsychobiology 69 187 Google Scholar
[8]	Kunjachan S, Ehling J, Storm G, Kiessling F, Lammers T 2015 Chem. Rev. 115 10907 Google Scholar
[9]	Eghtedari M, Oraevsky A, Copland J A, Kotov N A, Conjusteau A, Motamedi M 2007 Nano Lett. 7 1914 Google Scholar
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[23]	Sun T, Peng S, Liu Z, Sun W, Ma Y, Ding X 2013 J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46 1880 Google Scholar
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[26]	Barrea R A, Huang R, Cornaby S, Bilderback D H, Irving T C 2009 J. Synchrotron Radiat. 16 76 Google Scholar
[27]	Zeng X, Duewer F, Feser M, Huang C, Lyon A, Tkachuk A, Yun W 2008 Appl. Opt. 47 2376 Google Scholar
[28]	Li F, Liu Z, Sun T, Jiang B, Zhu Y 2016 J. Chem. Phys. 144 104201 Google Scholar
[29]	Li F, Liu Z, Sun T 2016 J. Appl. Crystallogr. 49 627 Google Scholar
[30]	Li F, Liu Z, Sun T 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 093106 Google Scholar
[31]	Li F, Liu Z, Sun T 2016 Food Chem. 210 435 Google Scholar
[32]	Li F, Liu Z, Sun T, Ma Y, Ding X 2015 Food Control 54 120 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 X射线源焦斑大小、SOD和SDD共同决定了Micro-CBCT的有效探测器孔径大小　(a) 焦点大小与有效探测器孔径α成正比; (b) SOD/SDD比值与有效探测器孔径α成正比

Figure 1. X-ray tube focal spot size, SOD and SDD jointly determine the effective detector aperture size of the micro-CT system: (a) Focal spot size is proportional to the effective detector aperture (α); (b) ratio of SOD/SDD is proportional to the effective detector aperture (α).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 X射线焦斑大小的半影效应

Figure 2. Penumbra effect of X-ray focal spot size.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 Micro-CBCT系统, 该系统由一个结合PFXRL的微聚焦X射线源、一个旋转样品台和一个非晶硅平板探测器组成　(a) Micro-CBCT原理图; (b) Micro-CBCT实物图; (c) 采用的PFXRL实物图

Figure 3. Micro-CBCT system. The system consists of a microfocus X-ray source combined with a PFXRL, a rotating sample stage and an amorphous silicon-based FPD: (a) Micro-CBCT schematic diagram; (b) desktop micro-CBCT system; (c) the PFXRL.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 PFXRL的出口焦斑尺寸和收敛度随X射线能量的依赖关系

Figure 4. Energy dependence of the output focal spot size and convergence for the PFXRL, respectively.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 PFXRL的传输效率和能量密度增益随X射线能量的依赖关系

Figure 5. Energy dependence of transmission efficiency and gain in power density of the PFXRL, respectively.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 使用和不使用PFXRL两种条件下的Micro-CBCT图像和对应的MTF　(a)使用PFXRL; (b)不使用PFXRL; (c) MTF曲线

Figure 6. Measured images and corresponding MTF of the micro-CBCT system with and without PFXRL: (a) With PFXRL; (b) without PFXRL; (c) MTF curves.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 对于测量的水模, 在使用和不使用PFXRL下的Micro-CBCT系统对比度分辨率与管电压的关系

Figure 7. Measured contrast resolution of Micro-CBCT system as a function of tube voltages for water phantom.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 水模的均匀性响应　(a) 不使用PFXRL, 重建的水模中平横断面图像及绿线对应的CT值; (b) 使用PFXRL, 重建的水模中平横断面图像及绿线对应的CT值; (c) 采用0.5 mm厚的铝片附加滤过, 重建的水模中平横断面图像及绿线对应的CT值. 空气和水的CT值分别归一化为0和50

Figure 8. Uniformity response of the water phantom: (a) Reconstructed transaxial image of the uniformity phantom without using PFXRL and radial signal profile taken from the green line; (b) reconstructed transaxial image of the uniformity phantom with using PFXRL and radial signal profile taken from the green line; (c) reconstructed transaxial image of the uniformity phantom with a 0.5 mm thick aluminum sheet as filter and radial signal profile taken from the green line. The CT values of air and water are normalized to 0 and 50, respectively.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 水模的噪声响应　(a)不使用PFXRL (附加滤过: 0.5 mm Al); (b)使用PFXRL

Figure 9. Noise response of the water phantom: (a) Without PFXRL (additional filtration: 0.5 mm Al); (b) with PFXRL.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 小鼠Micro-CBCT成像　(a)使用PFXRL; (b)不使用PFXRL

Figure 10. CT images of rats: (a) With PFXRL; (b) without PFXRL.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 麻醉小鼠横断面图像比较　(a)使用PFXRL; (b)不使用PFXRL

Figure 11. Comparison of axial images of the anesthetized mice: (a) With PFXRL; (b) without PFXRL.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 麻醉小鼠肺、肾和下脊柱区域的基于PFXRL的Micro-CBCT图像. 每个图像的窗宽窗位设置不同以呈现出感兴趣的结构. 横断面((a), (d), (g))、冠状面((b), (e), (h))和矢状面((c), (f), (i))切片展示了各向同性的空间分辨率和好的软组织对比度. 肺内支气管结构、肾脏与周围的肌肉和脂肪、椎骨和椎间隙都清晰可见. 图像中的垂直比例尺显示1 cm的间距

Figure 12. PFXRL-based Micro-CBCT images of the lung, kidney and lower spine of the anesthetized mice. The window and level settings are varied in each image to allow visualization of the structures of interest. Axial ((a), (d), (g)) , coronal ((b), (e), (h)) , and sagittal ((c), (f), (i)) slices qualitatively demonstrate isotropic spatial resolution, with excellent soft-tissue contrast in each case. Bronchial structure within the lungs is clearly identifiable, the kidney is well delineated from surrounding muscle and fat, and fine detail in the vertebrae and intervertebral spaces is demonstrated. The vertical scale in the images shows 1 cm spacing.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 PFXRL的基本参数

Table 1. Parameters of the PFXRL.

	PFXRL
Length /mm	69.4
Input focal distance /mm	76.3
Output focal distance /mm	20.1
Diameter of IFS at 17.4 keV /${\mu }\mathrm{m}$	169.2
Diameter of OFS at 17.4 keV /${\mu }\mathrm{m}$	46.7
Channel inner diameter of capillary at input/output /μm	10.4

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Gregory S G, Sekhon M, Schein J, et al. 2002 Nature 418 743 Google Scholar
[2]	Ntziachristos V, Ripoll J, Wang L V, Weissleder R 2005 Nat. Biotechnol. 23 313 Google Scholar
[3]	Guerra A D, Belcari N 2007 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 583 119 Google Scholar
[4]	Badea C T, Drangova M, Holdsworth D W, Johnson G A 2008 Phys. Med. Biol. 53 319 Google Scholar
[5]	Jan M L, Ni Y C, Chen K W, Ching H 2006 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 569 314 Google Scholar
[6]	Biederer J, Mirsadraee S, Beer M, Molinari F, Puderbach M 2012 Insights Into Imaging 3 373 Google Scholar
[7]	Hoyer C, Gass N, Fahr W W, Sartorius A 2014 Neuropsychobiology 69 187 Google Scholar
[8]	Kunjachan S, Ehling J, Storm G, Kiessling F, Lammers T 2015 Chem. Rev. 115 10907 Google Scholar
[9]	Eghtedari M, Oraevsky A, Copland J A, Kotov N A, Conjusteau A, Motamedi M 2007 Nano Lett. 7 1914 Google Scholar
[10]	Taruttis A, Ntziachristos V 2015 Nat. Photonics 9 219 Google Scholar
[11]	Paulus M J, Gleason S S, Kennel S J, Hunsicker P R, Johnson D K 2000 Neoplasia 2 62 Google Scholar
[12]	罗召洋, 杨孝全, 孟远征, 邓勇 2010 物理学报 58 8237 Google Scholar Luo Z Y, Yang X Q, Meng Y Z, Deng Y 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 8237 Google Scholar
[13]	魏星, 闫镔, 张峰, 李永丽, 席晓琦, 李磊 2014 物理学报 63 058702 Google Scholar Wei X, Yan B, Zhang F, Li Y L, Xi X Q, Li L 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 058702 Google Scholar
[14]	Mazel V, Reiche I, Busignies V, Walter P, Tchoreloff P 2011 Talanta 85 556 Google Scholar
[15]	Sun T, Liu Z, Li Y, Lin X, Wang G, Zhu G, Xu Q, Luo P, Pan Q, Liu H 2010 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 622 295 Google Scholar
[16]	Macdonald C A, Gibson W M 2003 X-Ray Spectrom. 32 258 Google Scholar
[17]	Albertini V R, Paci B, Generosi A, Dabagov S B, Kumakhov M A 2007 Spectrochim. Acta B 62 1203 Google Scholar
[18]	Huang R, Bilderback D H 2006 J. Synchrotron Radiat. 13 74 Google Scholar
[19]	Balaic D X, Barnea Z, Nugent K A, Garrett R F, Wilkins S W 1996 J. Synchrotron Radiat. 3 289 Google Scholar
[20]	MacDonald C A, Owens S M, Gibson W M 1999 J. Appl. Crystallogr. 32 160 Google Scholar
[21]	Bjeoumikhov A, Bjeoumikhova S, Langhoff N, Wedell R 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 144102 Google Scholar
[22]	Sun T, Liu Z, Ding X 2007 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 262 153 Google Scholar
[23]	Sun T, Peng S, Liu Z, Sun W, Ma Y, Ding X 2013 J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46 1880 Google Scholar
[24]	Sun T, Macdonald C A 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 053104 Google Scholar
[25]	Lamb J S, Bilderback D H, Pollack L, Kwok L, Smilgies D M 2007 J. Appl. Crystallogr. 40 193 Google Scholar
[26]	Barrea R A, Huang R, Cornaby S, Bilderback D H, Irving T C 2009 J. Synchrotron Radiat. 16 76 Google Scholar
[27]	Zeng X, Duewer F, Feser M, Huang C, Lyon A, Tkachuk A, Yun W 2008 Appl. Opt. 47 2376 Google Scholar
[28]	Li F, Liu Z, Sun T, Jiang B, Zhu Y 2016 J. Chem. Phys. 144 104201 Google Scholar
[29]	Li F, Liu Z, Sun T 2016 J. Appl. Crystallogr. 49 627 Google Scholar
[30]	Li F, Liu Z, Sun T 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 093106 Google Scholar
[31]	Li F, Liu Z, Sun T 2016 Food Chem. 210 435 Google Scholar
[32]	Li F, Liu Z, Sun T, Ma Y, Ding X 2015 Food Control 54 120 Google Scholar
[33]	Abreu C C, Kruger D G, MacDonald C A, Mistretta C A, Peppler W W, Xiao Q F 1995 Med. Phys. 22 1793 Google Scholar
[34]	Goertzen A L, Nagarkar V, Street R A, Paulus M J, Boone J M, Cherry S R 2004 Phys. Med. Biol. 49 5251 Google Scholar
[35]	Kim H K, Min K C, Achterkirchen T, Lee W 2009 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 56 1179 Google Scholar
[36]	Feldkamp L A, Davis L C, Kress J W 1984 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1 612 Google Scholar
[37]	Flannery B P, Deckman H W, Roberge W G, D'Amico K L 1987 Science 237 1439 Google Scholar
[38]	Sun T, Ding X 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 97 124904 Google Scholar
[39]	Kai Y, Kwan A L C, Miller D W F, Boone J M 2006 Med. Phys. 33 1695 Google Scholar
[40]	Kwan A L C, Boone J M, Yang K, Huang S Y 2007 Med. Phys. 34 275
[41]	余晓锷, 占杰, 李萍, 李婵娟 2006 第四军医大学学报 27 978 Google Scholar Yu X E, Zhan J, Li P, Li C J 2006 J. Fourth Mil. Med. Univ. 27 978 Google Scholar

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