Research progress of mode-locked pulsed fiber lasers with high damage threshold saturable absorber

Cui Wen-Wen; Xing Xiao-Wei; Xiao Yue-Jia; Liu Wen-Jun

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20212442

Abstract

As the basic hardware to promote the development of various fields, fiber laser has great development potential in rail transit, optical communication, new material manufacturing, power battery processing, military defense, medical treatment, and other fields. As the core device of passively mode-locked fiber laser, a high damage threshold saturable absorber plays a decisive role in achieving high power, ultrashort pulse duration, and high energy laser output for a fiber laser. For saturable absorbers of traditional materials and structures, the spot size of light acting on the material is almost the same as the exit diameter of the optical fiber, which is easy to exceed the damage threshold of the saturable absorber and lead to damage. To improve the damage threshold of saturable absorbers, the structure of saturable absorbers based on both real materials and traditional saturable absorbers can be optimized. On the one hand, the preparation technology of the saturable absorber is adjusted, such as using the sol-gel method, which has a good effect on improving the damage threshold of the saturable absorber. Moreover, different materials are selected and used as substrates, such as the use of inorganic materials as material substrates and the selection of a variety of insertion cavity structures, such as “sandwich” transmission structures, tapered fibers, and photonic crystal fibers. These methods are of great significance in improving the damage threshold of the real material saturable absorber and realizing pulsed laser with excellent performance and high stability. On the other hand, the equivalent saturable absorber structure is used to improve the damage threshold and optimize the laser performance, such as hybrid mode-locked structure and nonlinear multimode interference. The continuous optimization of the fiber laser damage threshold will further expand its application range. Therefore, it is important to adjust the preparation process and insert the cavity structure of saturable absorbers for improving the damage threshold of the saturable absorber and achieving high performance and stability of the pulsed laser. This paper reviews the research status of high damage threshold saturable absorbers at home and abroad, summarizes the latest methods to improve material damage threshold and the latest research progress of equivalent saturable absorbers, and also points out the future development direction of high damage threshold saturable absorbers.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

Corresponding author: Liu Wen-Jun, jungliu@bupt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11875008, 12075034).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 HfO₂薄膜的损伤点深度图　(a) 353 K, 39.2 J/cm²; (b) 423 K, 38.6 J/cm²; (c) 503 K, 36.6 J/cm²; (d) 573 K, 31.7 J/cm^2[26]

Figure 1. Damage spot depth map of the HfO₂ films: (a) 353 K, 39.2 J/cm²; (b) 423 K, 38.6 J/cm²; (c) 503 K, 36.6 J/cm²; (d) 573 K, 31.7 J/cm^2[26].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 不同SA插入结构的环形腔示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of annular cavity with different saturable absorber insertion structures.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 NPE锁模偏振态示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of nonlinear polarization evolution mode-locked polarization state.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 拉锥光纤WS₂ SA被动锁模掺铒光纤激光器的实验结果　(a)脉冲光谱, 中心波长1540 nm的3 dB带宽为114 nm; (b)脉冲宽度为67 fs^[48]

Figure 4. Experimental results of the passively mode-locked EDF laser with the fiber-taper WS₂ SA: (a) Optical spectrum of the generated pulses. The 3 dB spectral width is 114 nm at 1540 nm. (b) Intensity autocorrelation trace with 67 fs pulse duration^[48].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 混合锁模结构示意图

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of hybrid mode locking structure.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 NOLM可饱和吸收原理图

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of nonlinear optical loop mirror saturable absorption.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 非线性多模干涉可饱和吸收原理图

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of saturable absorption of nonlinear multimode interference.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

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[2]	Jiang J W, Fang S B, Zhang Z Y, Zhu J F, Han H N, Chang G Q, Wei Z Y 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 054201 Google Scholar
[3]	Ning F J, Li Z Y, Tan R Q, Hu L M, Liu S Y 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 034203 Google Scholar
[4]	Xing Z Q, Zhou Y J, Liu Y H, Wang F 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 027302 Google Scholar
[5]	Ni X, Jia K P, Wang X H, et al. 2021 Chin. Phys. Lett. 38 064201 Google Scholar
[6]	Keller U 2003 Nature 424 831 Google Scholar
[7]	王井上, 张瑶, 王军利, 魏志义, 常国庆 2021 物理学报 70 034206 Google Scholar Wang J S, Zhang Y, Wang J L,Wei Z Y, Chang G Q 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 034206 Google Scholar
[8]	Lv R C, Teng H, Song J J, Kang R Z, Zhu J F, Wei Z Y 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 094206 Google Scholar
[9]	Fermann M E, Hofer M, Haberl F, Craig-Ryan S P 1990 Electron. Lett. 26 1737 Google Scholar
[10]	Keller U, Knox W H, Roskos H 1990 Springer Berlin Heidelberg 53 69 Google Scholar
[11]	俞强, 郭琨, 陈捷, 王涛, 汪进, 史鑫尧, 吴坚, 张凯, 周朴 2020 物理学报 69 184208 Google Scholar Yu Q, Guo K, Chen J, Wang T, Wang J, Shi X Y, Wu J, Zhang K, Zhou P 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 184208 Google Scholar
[12]	郝倩倩, 宗梦雨, 张振, 黄浩, 张峰, 刘杰, 刘丹华, 苏良碧, 张晗 2020 物理学报 69 184205 Google Scholar Hao Q Q, Zong M Y, Zhang Z, Huang H, Zhang F, Liu J, Liu D H, Su L B, Zhang H 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 184205 Google Scholar
[13]	Valdmanis J A, Fork R L 1986 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22 112 Google Scholar
[14]	Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, et al. 2004 Science 306 666 Google Scholar
[15]	Delhaes P 2002 Carbon 40 641 Google Scholar
[16]	Ji D X, Cai S H, Paudel T R, et al. 2019 Nature 570 87 Google Scholar
[17]	Cicily Rigi V J, Jayaraj M K, Saji K J 2020 Appl. Surf. Sci. 529 147158 Google Scholar
[18]	Arthur J R 1980 At & T Tech. J. 10 157 Google Scholar
[19]	Liu W J, Zhu Y N, Liu M L, Wen B, Fang S B, Teng H, Lei M, Liu L M, Wei Z Y 2018 Photonics Res. 6 220 Google Scholar
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[21]	Chen Z, Wang Y, Lv R, Liu S, Wang Y 2020 Opt. Fiber Technol. 58 102189 Google Scholar
[22]	Liu S C, Lv R D, Wang Y G, Shang S G, Ren W, Xu Q 2021 J. Mater. Chem. C 9 9021 Google Scholar
[23]	Li L, Jiang S Z, Wang Y G, Wang X, Duan L N, Mao D, Li Z, Man B Y, Si J H 2015 Opt. Express 23 28698 Google Scholar
[24]	Liu S, Wang Y, Lv R, Wang J, Duan L 2020 Nanophotonics 9 2523 Google Scholar
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[26]	Zhang M, Zhu Y, Li D, Feng P, Xu C 2021 Appl. Surf. Sci. 554 149615 Google Scholar
[27]	Liu H H, Yang Y, Chow K K 2013 Opt. Express 21 18975 Google Scholar
[28]	Han X, Zhang H, Jiang S, Zhang C, Li D, Guo Q, Gao J, Man B 2019 Nanomaterials 9 1216 Google Scholar
[29]	Ma P, Lin W, Zhang H, Xu S, Yang Z 2019 IEEE Photonics J. 11 1 Google Scholar
[30]	Wang Y, Song C, Zhang H, Jin L, Xu Y, Ma X, Zou Y 2022 Opt. Laser Technol. 145 107542 Google Scholar
[31]	Salam S, Nizamani B, Yasin M, Harun S W 2021 Results Opt. 2 100036 Google Scholar
[32]	Wu Q, Jin X, Chen S, Jiang X, Hu Y, Jiang Q, Wu L, Li J, Zheng Z, Zhang M, Zhang H 2019 Opt. Express 27 10159
[33]	Song Y W, Yamashita S, Maruyama S 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 137 Google Scholar
[34]	Nizamani B, Salam S, Jafry A A A, et al. 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 054202 Google Scholar
[35]	Liu S, Shang S, Lv R, Wang Y, Wang J, Ren W, Wang Y 2021 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 19128 Google Scholar
[36]	Michaille L F, Taylor D M, Bennett C, Shepherd T J, Jacobsen C, Hansen T P 2004 Physica A 5618 30 Google Scholar
[37]	Fermann M E, Andrejco M J, Silberberg Y, Stock M L 1993 Opt. Lett. 18 894 Google Scholar
[38]	Doran N J, Wood D 1988 Opt. Lett. 13 56 Google Scholar
[39]	Qi Y, Liu M, Luan N, Yang S, Bai Z, Yan B, Lu Z 2022 Infrared Phys. Technol. 121 104017 Google Scholar
[40]	Zhao L M, Lu C, Tam H Y, Wai P, Tang D Y 2009 Appl. Opt. 48 5131 Google Scholar
[41]	Wang Y Z, Zhang L Q, Zhuo Z, Guo S Z 2016 Appl. Opt. 55 5766
[42]	Szczepanek J, Karda’s T M, Radzewicz C, Stepanenko Y 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 575 Google Scholar
[43]	Wang Y, Wang C, Zhang F, Guo J, Ma C, Huang W, Song Y, Ge Y, Liu J, Zhang H 2020 Rep. Prog. Phys. 83 116401
[44]	Andral U, Fodil R S, Amrani F, Billard F, Hertz E, Grelu P 2015 Optica 2 275 Google Scholar
[45]	Pu G, Yi L, Zhang L, Hu W 2019 Optica 6 362 Google Scholar
[46]	Baumeister T, Brunton S L, Kutz J N 2018 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35 617 Google Scholar
[47]	Pu G, Yi L, Zhang L, Luo C, Li Z, Hu W 2020 Light Sci. Appl. 9 1 Google Scholar
[48]	Liu W J, Pang L H, Han H N, Liu M L, Lei M, Fang S B, Teng H, Wei Z Y 2017 Opt. Express 25 2950 Google Scholar
[49]	Chernysheva M, Bednyakova A, Al Araimi M, et al. 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 1 Google Scholar
[50]	Ma C, Huang W, Wang Y, Adams J, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang H 2020 Nanophotonics 9 2451 Google Scholar
[51]	Pang L, Wang R, Li L, Wu R, Lv Y 2020 Infrared Phys. Technol. 110 103444 Google Scholar
[52]	Dou Z Y, Zhang B, Cai J H, Hou J 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 094201 Google Scholar
[53]	Santiago-Hernandez H, Pottiez O, Duran-Sanchez M, et al. 2015 Opt. Express 23 18840 Google Scholar
[54]	Aguergaray C, Broderick N G, Erkintalo M, Chen J S, Kruglov V 2012 Opt. Express 20 10545 Google Scholar
[55]	Aguergaray C, Hawker R, Runge A F, Erkintalo M, Broderick N G 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 3550 Google Scholar
[56]	Yu Y, Teng H, Wang H B, Wang L N, Zhu J F, Fang S B, Chang G Q, Wang J L, Wei Z Y 2018 Opt. Express 26 10428 Google Scholar
[57]	Deng D, Zhang H, Gong Q, He L, Li D, Gong M 2020 Opt. Laser Technol. 125 106010 Google Scholar
[58]	Deng D, Zhang H, Zu J, Chen J 2021 Opt. Lett. 46 1612 Google Scholar
[59]	Nazemosadat E, Mafi A 2013 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 30 1357 Google Scholar
[60]	Te˘gin U, Orta c B 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 1611 Google Scholar
[61]	Zhao F Y, Wang H S, Hu X H, Wang Y S, Zhang W, Zhang T, Sun C D, Yan Z J 2018 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 115106 Google Scholar
[62]	Chen G W, Wang H G, Zhu J, Li H Y, Zhu L Q 2021 Infrared Phys. Technol. 112 103607 Google Scholar
[63]	Gan Y P, Wu Q C, Yao Y, Liu C Y, Fu Y P, Yang Y F, Tian J J, Xu K 2021 Opt. Commun. 479 126441 Google Scholar
[64]	Huang L, Zhang Y S, Cui Y D 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 114203 Google Scholar

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Vol. 71, Issue 2 - 2022-01-20

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