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A detailed three-dimensional thermal model is developed to examine the thermal behaviour of a lithium-ion battery. This model is a cross-flow liquid cooling model, which can make the heat dissipation of lithium-ion battery pack achieve higher safety. Two kinds of fluids are used for cooling, and the polynomial fitting function is used as the heat source term of lithium battery pack. The battery temperature distribution under the conditions of different Reynolds numbers, different numbers of micro-channel and different micro-channel radii are studied for this model. The simulation results show that the maximum battery temperature is 295.84 K, the minimum battery temperature is 293.14 K, and the maximum temperature difference of the battery pack is 2.7 K. The maximum temperature and temperature difference of the battery under the model are in line with the reasonable operating temperature range of lithium-ion battery pack. The maximum temperature of battery pack decreases with the increase of Reynolds number, but the effect of Reynolds number on heat dissipation of lithium-ion battery pack has a critical value. As the number of micro-channels increases, the maximum temperature of the battery string decreases. However, when the number of micro-channels increases to a certain value, the maximum temperature of the battery pack decreases slowly. The maximum temperature of the battery pack does not decrease monotonically as the radius of the micro-channel increases. Orthogonal analysis results show that the Reynolds number has the greatest influence on the cooling effect of the model, followed by the size of the micro-channel radius, and the number of micro-channels has the least influence. The optimized liquid cooling model can effectively reduce the maximum temperature of lithium-ion battery in theory, and the maximum temperature of lithium-ion battery decreases by 26.24 K in comparison with that of single battery at 2C discharge rate. The reliability of the cross-flow channel model is proved by numerical analysis, and it is also proved that the cross-flow channel has an equilibrium point between the perturbation gain and the flow retarding effect. The heat dissipation effect of lithium- ion battery pack is correlated with the number and radius of micro-channels, but not a single positive correlation. Reasonably increasing the number and size of micro-channels can effectively enhance the heat dissipation effect of battery pack.
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Keywords:
- lithium-ion battery pack /
- temperature distribution /
- numerical simulation /
- orthogonal text
[1] Saw L H, Tay A, Zhang L W 2015 Thermal Measurement Modeling and Management Symposium San Francisco, USA, March 28, 2015 p298
[2] Nitta N, Wu F, Lee J T, Yushin G 2015 Mater. Today Phys. 18 5
Google Scholar
[3] Chen S C, Wan C C, Wang Y Y 2005 J. Power Sources 140 111
Google Scholar
[4] Jaguemont J, Boulon L, Dubé Y 2016 Appl. Energy 164 99
Google Scholar
[5] Jung D Y, Lee B H, Sun W K 2002 J. Power Sources 109 1
Google Scholar
[6] Rao Z, Wang S, Zhang G 2011 Energy Convers. Manage. 52 3408
Google Scholar
[7] Pesaran A A 2002 J. Power Sources 110 377
Google Scholar
[8] Menale C, D’Annibale F, Mazzarotta B, Bubbico R 2019 Energy 182 57
Google Scholar
[9] Liu H, Wei Z, He W, Zhao J 2017 Energy Convers. Manage. 150 304
Google Scholar
[10] Sardari P T, Giddings D, Gillott M, Walker G S, Grant D 2019 Energy Convers. Manage. 201 112
Google Scholar
[11] Mahdi J M, Mohammed H I, Hashim E T, Talebizadehsardari P, Nsofor E C 2020 Appl. Energy 257 113
Google Scholar
[12] Shah K, Mckee C, Chalise D, Jain A 2016 Energy 113 852
Google Scholar
[13] Pesaran A A 2001 Advanced Automotive Battery Conference Las Vegas, USA, February 6–8, 2001 p2
[14] Pesaran A A, Keyser M, Burch S1999 Proceedings of the 4th Vehicle Thermal Management Systems London, UK, May 24–27, 1999 p1
[15] Jarrett A, Kim I Y 2011 J. Power Sources 196 10359
Google Scholar
[16] Han J Q, Qiu D D, Zhu A 2018 Appl. Therm. Eng. 132 508
Google Scholar
[17] Bernadi D, Pawlikowski E 1985 J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 5
Google Scholar
[18] 王一宇 2020 硕士学位论文 (青岛: 青岛科技大学)
Wang Y Y 2020 M. S. Thesis (Qingdao: Qingdao University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)
[19] 廖永平 1984 正交试验法在机械工业中的应用 (北京: 中国农业机械出版) 第39—45页
Liao Y P 1984 Application of Orthogonal Test Method in Mechanical Industry (Beijing: China Agricultural Machinery Press) pp39–45
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图 1 芯体模型正视图
Figure 1. Core body front view model diagram.
图 2 芯体模型俯视图
Figure 2. Top view of core body model.
图 3 放电欧姆内阻拟合函数
Figure 3. Discharge Ohm resistance fitting function.
图 4 放电极化内阻拟合函数
Figure 4. Fitting function of internal resistance of discharge polarization.
图 5 电池内热源函数
Figure 5. Heat source function in the battery.
图 6 单体电池热性能的实验验证
Figure 6. Experimental verification of thermal performance of single battery.
图 7 网格的无关性验证
Figure 7. Grid independence verification.
图 8 时间步长无关性验证
Figure 8. Time step independence verification.
图 9 电池组温度分布云图(2C)
Figure 9. Cloud map of battery pack temperature distribution (2C).
图 10 电池温度分布云图(2C)
Figure 10. Cloud map of battery temperature distribution (2C)
图 11 放电过程中不同电池的最高温度(2C)
Figure 11. The maximum temperature of different batteries during discharge (2C).
图 12 放电过程中不同电池的最大温差(2C)
Figure 12. The maximum temperature difference of different batteries during discharge (2C).
图 13 电池截面温度云图
Figure 13. Temperature cloud of battery section.
图 14 在不同雷诺数条件下电池组的最高温度(2C)
Figure 14. Compare the maximum temperature of different Reynolds number battery packs (2C).
图 15 在不同雷诺数条件下电池组的最大温差(2C)
Figure 15. Comparison of the maximum temperature difference of battery packs with different Reynolds numbers (2C)
图 16 在不同雷诺数条件下电池组的最高温度(1C)
Figure 16. Comparison of the maximum temperature of different Reynolds number battery packs (1C).
图 17 在不同雷诺数条件下电池组的最大温差(1C)
Figure 17. Compare the maximum temperature difference of different Reynolds number battery packs (1C).
图 18 微通道个数对电池组最高温度的影响(2C)
Figure 18. Influence of the number of micro-channels on the maximum temperature of the battery pack (2C).
图 19 微通道半径对电池组最高温度的影响(2C)
Figure 19. Influence of the micro-channel radius on the maximum temperature of the battery pack (2C).
图 20 微通道半径对电池组最大温差的影响(2C)
Figure 20. Influence of the micro-channel radius on the maximum temperature difference of the battery pack (2C).
表 1 三维传热模型参数
Table 1. Three-dimensional heat transfer model parameters
参数 ρ/(kg·m–3) Cp/(J·kg–1·K–1) Λ/(W·m–1·K–1) Μ/(Pa·s) 锂电池 2776 1075 各向异性 — 乙二醇 1068 3319 0.387 — 水 ρ(T) Cp(T) λ(T) μ(T) 铝 2702 237 903 — 
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表 2 具体信息表
Table 2. Specific information.
微通道半径/mm 电池组最高温度/K 电池组最大温差/K 0.3 296.26 3.16 0.5 295.86 2.73 0.8 295.84 2.70 1.0 295.46 2.31 1.3 295.34 2.19 1.6 295.52 2.37 2.0 295.74 2.65
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表 3 正交试验表
Table 3. Orthogonal test.
序号 雷诺数
(因素A)微通道半径/mm
(因素B)微通道个数/个
(因素C)锂电池组的温度/K 1 2500 0.3 3 296.33 2 2500 0.5 4 296.35 3 2500 0.8 5 295.54 4 2500 1.3 7 295.47 5 7500 0.3 4 295.57 6 7500 0.5 3 295.18 7 7500 0.8 7 295.13 8 7500 1.3 5 294.96 9 12500 0.3 5 295.03 10 12500 0.5 7 294.50 11 12500 0.8 4 294.91 12 12500 1.3 3 294.84 13 15500 0.3 4 294.91 14 15500 0.5 3 294.83 15 15500 0.8 7 294.87 16 15500 1.3 5 294.71
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表 4 极差分析表
Table 4. Range analysis.
名称 因素A 因素B 因素C Z1 1183.74 1181.84 1181.18 Z2 1180.84 1180.86 1181.74 Z3 1179.28 1180.50 1180.29 Z4 1179.32 1179.98 1179.97 Z1算术平均值 295.935 295.46 295.295 Z2算术平均值 295.21 295.215 295.435 Z3算术平均值 294.82 295.125 295.0725 Z4算术平均值 294.83 294.995 294.9925 极差 0.725 0.465 0.4425 主次顺序 A>B>C 优水平 A4 B4 C3 优组合 A4 B4 C3
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[1] Saw L H, Tay A, Zhang L W 2015 Thermal Measurement Modeling and Management Symposium San Francisco, USA, March 28, 2015 p298
[2] Nitta N, Wu F, Lee J T, Yushin G 2015 Mater. Today Phys. 18 5
Google Scholar
[3] Chen S C, Wan C C, Wang Y Y 2005 J. Power Sources 140 111
Google Scholar
[4] Jaguemont J, Boulon L, Dubé Y 2016 Appl. Energy 164 99
Google Scholar
[5] Jung D Y, Lee B H, Sun W K 2002 J. Power Sources 109 1
Google Scholar
[6] Rao Z, Wang S, Zhang G 2011 Energy Convers. Manage. 52 3408
Google Scholar
[7] Pesaran A A 2002 J. Power Sources 110 377
Google Scholar
[8] Menale C, D’Annibale F, Mazzarotta B, Bubbico R 2019 Energy 182 57
Google Scholar
[9] Liu H, Wei Z, He W, Zhao J 2017 Energy Convers. Manage. 150 304
Google Scholar
[10] Sardari P T, Giddings D, Gillott M, Walker G S, Grant D 2019 Energy Convers. Manage. 201 112
Google Scholar
[11] Mahdi J M, Mohammed H I, Hashim E T, Talebizadehsardari P, Nsofor E C 2020 Appl. Energy 257 113
Google Scholar
[12] Shah K, Mckee C, Chalise D, Jain A 2016 Energy 113 852
Google Scholar
[13] Pesaran A A 2001 Advanced Automotive Battery Conference Las Vegas, USA, February 6–8, 2001 p2
[14] Pesaran A A, Keyser M, Burch S1999 Proceedings of the 4th Vehicle Thermal Management Systems London, UK, May 24–27, 1999 p1
[15] Jarrett A, Kim I Y 2011 J. Power Sources 196 10359
Google Scholar
[16] Han J Q, Qiu D D, Zhu A 2018 Appl. Therm. Eng. 132 508
Google Scholar
[17] Bernadi D, Pawlikowski E 1985 J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 5
Google Scholar
[18] 王一宇 2020 硕士学位论文 (青岛: 青岛科技大学)
Wang Y Y 2020 M. S. Thesis (Qingdao: Qingdao University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)
[19] 廖永平 1984 正交试验法在机械工业中的应用 (北京: 中国农业机械出版) 第39—45页
Liao Y P 1984 Application of Orthogonal Test Method in Mechanical Industry (Beijing: China Agricultural Machinery Press) pp39–45
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