Move contrast X-ray imaging of electrochemical reaction process in electrolytic cell

Ju Xiao-Lu; Li Ke; Yu Fu-Cheng; Xu Ming-Wei; Deng Biao; Li Bin; Xiao Ti-Qiao

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220339

Abstract

The in-situ dynamic observation of ion migration and redox reactions during electrochemical reactions is critical for the understanding of the charging and discharging performance, ion migration characteristics, causes and preventives of defects in cells and electrolytic cells. For the convenience of parameter tuning, an electrolytic cell is adopted to investigate the electrochemical reaction. The processes of ion migration and redox reaction are investigated based on move contrast X-ray imaging. The experimental results demonstrate that the contrast-to-noise ratio of move contrast X-ray imaging is one order higher than that of the conventional temporal subtraction imaging. The initial status of the electrochemical reaction is successfully revealed by move contrast X-ray imaging. The images show that at the very beginning of the reaction, the signals of move contrast distribute almost evenly in the electrolytic cell, which implicates that the ion migration is initiated as soon as the cell is switched on and redox reaction occurs simultaneously all over the cell, other than the fact that ions are driven by electric field, approach to the cathode and then are reduced through electron gain. The signals of move contrast imaging are obviously stronger at positions inside the shadow of the electrodes than elsewhere. This means that the redox processes react densely at the electrodes. When the electrical voltage is adjusted to a critical value and the conventional methods are hard to observe ion migration or atom accumulation, the move contrast X-ray imaging can still disclose evidently the trace of ion migration or movement of atom clusters. Therefore, the move contrast X-ray imaging can improve significantly the sensitivity of observation to the trace of ions or atoms in the electrolyte and has great potentials in in-situ investigating the characteristics of electrochemical reactions.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China

Corresponding author: Xiao Ti-Qiao, xiaotiqiao@zjlab.org.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2021YFA1600703, 2021YFF0601203) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81430087).

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Cited By

图 1 实验原理和装置　(a)电解池内离子迁移示意图; (b) 成像光路示意图; (c)包含电解池和探测器的实验装置照片

Figure 1. Experimental setup for the electrochemical reaction: (a) Schematic diagram of ion migration; (b) schematic diagram of optical path for X-ray imaging; (c) photo for the experimental equipment including electrolytic cell and X-ray detector.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 Ag元素和Cu元素在25—27 keV能量下的线性吸收系数

Figure 2. Linear absorption coefficients of Ag and Cu elements at the energy range of 25–27 keV.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 电解池0.7 V电压通电后化学反应过程动态成像　(a) 传统时间减影成像1—12 s 关键帧; (b)对应的运动衬度成像关键帧

Figure 3. Dynamic X-ray imaging of electrochemical reaction after electrolytic cell is powered on at a voltage of 0.7 V: (a) Keyframes of traditional temporal subtraction imaging at the time period of 1–12 s; (b) the corresponding keyframes of move contrast imaging.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 电解池0.7 V电压通电初期800 ms内的电化学反应　(a) 时间减影成像关键帧; (b)运动衬度成像关键帧

Figure 4. The initial stage of electrochemical reaction in the electrolytic cell with the voltage of power supply set to 0.7 V: (a) Keyframes of 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 ms respectively obtained with temporal subtraction X-ray imaging; (b) the correspondent keyframes of move contrast X-ray imaging.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 电解池0.5 V电压通电后的电化学反应过程成像　(a)传统时间减影成像3, 9, 15 s关键帧及在15 s时的局部区域的放大图; (b)运动衬度成像关键帧

Figure 5. X-ray imaging of electrochemical reaction after electrolytic cell is switched on at a voltage of 0.5 V: (a) Keyframes of 3, 9, 15 s respectively obtained with traditional temporal subtraction imaging supplied with a magnified view of the selected area at 15 s; (b) the corresponding keyframes of move contrast imaging.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Kang B, Ceder G 2009 Nature 458 190 Google Scholar
[2]	Okubo M, Mizuno Y, Yamada H, Kim J, Hosono E, Zhou H S, Kudo T, Honma I 2010 ACS Nano 4 741 Google Scholar
[3]	Ellis B, Perry L K, Ryan D H, Nazar L F 2006 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 11416 Google Scholar
[4]	Zhao W Y, Sakurai K 2019 J. Synchrotron. Radiat. 26 230 Google Scholar
[5]	Chen S L, Zhang Y, Zhao J J, Mi Z, Zhang J M, Cao J, Feng J C, Zhang G L, Qi J L, Li J Y, Gao P 2020 Sci. Bull. 65 1643 Google Scholar
[6]	陈树林, 高鹏 2019 物理 48 168 Google Scholar Chen S L, Gao P 2019 Physics 48 168 Google Scholar
[7]	刘玄玄, 国洪轩, 徐涛, 尹奎波, 孙立涛 2021 物理学报 70 086701 Google Scholar Liu X X, Guo H X, Xu T, Yin K B, Sun L T 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 086701 Google Scholar
[8]	Yang Y C, Gao P, Gaba S, Chang T, Pan X, Lu W 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 732 Google Scholar
[9]	陆敬予, 柯承志, 龚正良, 李德平, 慈立杰, 张力, 张桥保 2021 物理学报 70 198102 Google Scholar Lu J Y, Ke C Z, Gong Z L, Li D P, Ci L J, Zhang L, Zhang Q B 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 198102 Google Scholar
[10]	郭祝崑, 李香庭 1983 物理学报 32 406 Google Scholar Guo Z K, Li X T 1983 Acta Phys. Sin. 32 406 Google Scholar
[11]	杨同华, 包宗渝 1984 物理学报 33 1149 Google Scholar Yang T H, Bao Z Y 1984 Acta Phys. Sin. 33 1149 Google Scholar
[12]	Warren J M, Bilheux H Z, Kang M, Voisin S 2013 Plant Soil 366 683 Google Scholar
[13]	Ilott A J, Trease N M, Grey C P, Jerschow A 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4536 Google Scholar
[14]	Zhou L, Leskes M, Liu T, Grey C P 2015 Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 54 14782 Google Scholar
[15]	Zheng J, Tang M X, Hu Y-Y 2016 Angew Chem. Int. Edit. 55 12538 Google Scholar
[16]	Takanashi T, Kawamura H 2019 World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2018 Prague, Czech Republic, June 3–8, 2018 p35
[17]	安汉文, 莫生凯, 李梦璐, 王家钧 2022 储能科学与技术 11 834 An H W, Mo S K, Li M L, Wang J J 2022 Energy Storage Science and Technology 11 834
[18]	周逸凡, 杨慕紫, 佘峰权, 龚力, 张晓琪, 陈建, 宋树芹, 谢方艳 2021 物理学报 70 178801 Google Scholar Zhou Y F, Yang M Z, She F Q, Gong L, Zhang X Q, Chen J, Song S Q, Xie F Y 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 178801 Google Scholar
[19]	Cheng L, Tscheuschner S, Paulus F, Hopkinson P E, Kieling J, Khler A, Vaynzof Y, Huettner S 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 2446 Google Scholar
[20]	王继飞, 林东旭, 袁永波 2019 物理学报 68 158801 Google Scholar Wang J F, Lin D X, Yuan Y B 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 158801 Google Scholar
[21]	果辰, 蔡欣炜, 罗文浩, 黄子耕, 冯庆荣, 甘子钊 2021 物理学报 70 197401 Google Scholar Guo C, Cai X W, Luo W H, Huang Z G, Feng Q R, Gan Z Z 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 197401 Google Scholar
[22]	王丽, 王海波, 王涛, 李发伸 2006 物理学报 55 6515 Google Scholar Wang L, Wang H B, Wang T, Li F S 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 6515 Google Scholar
[23]	Zhao W Y, Sakurai K 2017 ACS Omega 2 4363 Google Scholar
[24]	王飞翔 2019 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学 (中国科学院上海应用物理研究所)) Wang F X 2019 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[25]	Wang F X, Zhou P T, Li K, Mamtilahun M, Tang Y H, Du G H, Deng B, Xie H L, Yang G Y, Xiao T Q 2020 IUCrJ 7 1 Google Scholar
[26]	李可 2021 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学 (中国科学院上海应用物理研究所)) Li K 2021 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[27]	Song X M, Pogue B W, Jiang S D, Doyley M M, Dehghani H, Tosteson T D, Paulsen K D 2004 Appl. Optics 43 1053 Google Scholar
[28]	Xie H L, Deng B, Du G H, Fu Y N, Guo H, Xue Y L, Peng G Y, Tao F, Zhang L, Xiao T Q 2020 Nucl. Sci. Tech. 31 102 Google Scholar
[29]	郭荣怡, 马红娟, 薛艳玲, 谢红兰, 邓彪, 杜国浩, 王敏, 肖体乔 2010 光学学报 30 2898 Google Scholar Guo R Y, Ma H J, Xue Y L, Xie H L, Deng B, Du G H, Wang M, Xiao T Q 2010 Acta Optica Sin. 30 2898 Google Scholar
[30]	Ju X L, Deng B, Li K, Yu F C, Zhang H P, Xu M W, Du G H, Xie H L, Li B, Xiao T Q 2022 Nucl. Sci. Tech. 33 1 Google Scholar

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