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During the re-entry process of the aircraft, a layer of plasma sheath wrapping its surface will be generated, which will lead the communication quality to deteriorate and even interrupt, resulting in the phenomenon of “radio blackout”. The “radio blackout” problem has plagued the aerospace industry for many years. One of the very important reasons is the lack of awareness of the communication transmission environment caused by the limitations of plasma sheath measurements. Therefore, the realization of in-situ measurement of sheath parameters is the key to the research of the “radio blackout” problem of hypersonic vehicles. In this work, a broadband microwave reflection method is presented and developed for diagnosing the reentry plasma sheath .The relationship between broadband microwave reflection data and plasma parameters is derived theoretically, and effective diagnostic frequency points are selected. Then, the plasma parameters are obtained by inversely using the reflection data of the selected effective frequency points to realize the simultaneous diagnosis and measurement of electron density and collision frequency. This method makes up for the deficiency that the traditional reflectometer cannot diagnose high collision frequency plasma, and it can diagnose the parameter of the plasma sheath of the hypersonic vehicle in a complex environment. A simulation model and an experimental platform are established, and the simulation analysis and ground experiment are carried out to verify the method. The electron density of the plasma is diagnosed by transmission diagnostics to provide a control for reflection experiments. The experimental results show that the difference between the two diagnostic results is small, which verifies the effectiveness of the method. The method can realize the real-time diagnosis of plasma sheaths of re-entry vehicles or hypersonic vehicles under various flight conditions, and accumulate a large number of first-hand measurement data, which is of great scientific value in recognizing the characteristics of plasma sheaths comprehensively, objectively and accurately. It can also be used for the parameter input link of the adaptive measurement and control system environment. In addition, this method can also be used for real-time measurement of environment parameters of ground plasma jet and real-time monitoring of changes of plasma jet parameters without changing the jet shape. -
Keywords:
- plasma sheath /
- resonance point /
- parameter diagnosis /
- microwave reflection method
[1] Hartunian R, Stewart G, Curtiss T, Fergason S, Seibold R 2007 AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference and Exhibit Hilton Head, South Carolina, USA, August 20–23, 2007, AIAA 2007–6633
[2] Rybak J, Churchill R J 1971 IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. AES-7(5) 879
[3] Xie K, Yang M, Bai B W, Li X P, Zhou H, Guo L X 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 119 023301
Google Scholar
[4] 杨敏 2014 博士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学)
Yang M 2014 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)
[5] Akey N D, Schroeder L C 1973 J. Spacecr. Rockets 10 170
Google Scholar
[6] Boris D R, Fernsler R F, Walton S G 2015 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24 025032
Google Scholar
[7] Saifutdinov A I, Sysoev S S 2022 Instrum. Exp. Tech. 65 75
Google Scholar
[8] 赵国利 2010博士学位论文 (大连: 大连理工大学)
Zhao G L 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Dalian: Dalian University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[9] 陈宗胜, 林志丹, 时家明, 马丽芳 2015 真空科学与技术学报 35 646
Chen Z S, Lin Z D, Shi J M, Ma F L 2015 Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology 35 646
[10] Berchtikou A, Lavoie J, Poenariu V 2011 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 18 24
Google Scholar
[11] Shi J, Guo Y C, Xiao S L, Qian F, Yang Z H 2017 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A866 72
[12] 李斌 2010 博士论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学)
Li B 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[13] 莫少奇 2016 博士论文 (成都: 电子科技大学)
Mo S Q 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[14] 袁忠才, 时家明 2005 核聚变与等离子体物理 25 78
Yuan Z C, Shi J M 2005 Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Physics 25 78
[15] 王甲寅, 时家明, 袁忠才 2007 强激光与粒子束 2007 621
Wang J Y, Shi J M, Yuan Z C 2007 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 2007 621
[16] 刘荣明, 吴慎将, 苏俊宏, 徐均琪, 王可瑄 2019 西安工业大学学报 39 521
Liu Y M, Wu S J, Su J H, Xu J Q, Wang K X 2019 Journal of Xi’an Technological University 39 521
[17] Ermak G P, Varavin A V, Vasilev A S, Fateev A V, Varavin N V, Zacek V, Zajac J, Zorenko A V 2016 Telecommun. Radio Eng. 76 903
[18] Janson S 1994 25th Plasmadynamics & Lasers Conference Colorado Springs, USA, June 20–23, 1994 ppAIAA-94-2424
[19] Ohler S G, Gilchrist B E, Gallimore A D 1995 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 23 428
Google Scholar
[20] Anabitarte E, Bustamante E G, Calderón M A G, Senties J M 1987 J. Infrared MillimeterWaves 8 733
[21] 李建刚 2016 物理 45 88
Li J G 2016 Physics 45 88
[22] 金兹堡 著 (钱善瑎 译) 1978 电磁波在等离子体中的传播 (北京: 科学出版社) 第5—9页, 第22—30页, 第85—87页
Ginzburg (translated by Qian S X) 1978 Propagation of electromagnetic wave in plasma (Beijing: Science Press) pp5–9, pp22–30, pp85–87 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhao C W, Li X P, Yang M, Sun C 2020 Microwave Opt. Technol. Lete. 63 205
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图 1 带有等离子体鞘套的等效传输线路的计算模型
Figure 1. Calculation model of equivalent transmission lines with plasma sheath.
图 2 不同碰撞频率下反射系数和透射系数的幅度-频率曲线
Figure 2. Amplitude-frequency curve of reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients with different electron-neutral collision frequencies.
图 3 带有等离子体鞘套的等效传输线简化模型
Figure 3. Reduced model of equivalent transmission lines with plasma sheath.
图 4 有效诊断频段选择
Figure 4. Selection of effective diagnostic frequency band.
图 5 不同碰撞频率下
$a(\omega )$ 实部曲线Figure 5. Curve of real component of α(ω) with different electron-neutral collision frequencies.
图 6 VVD天线CST模型
Figure 6. CST model of VVD antenna.
图 7 数据标定流程
Figure 7. Data calibration process
图 8 反解流程
Figure 8. Reverse solution process
图 9 电磁仿真模型
Figure 9. Electromagnetic simulation model of plasma.
图 10 电子密度
$ {n}_{\rm{e}} $ = 3×1011cm–3 (a) 反射系数幅度; (b) 有效频点选择; (c) 反解结果Figure 10. Electron density
$ {n}_{\rm{e}} $ = 3×1011cm–3: (a) Magnitude of reflection coefficient; (b) selection of effective frequency points; (c) inverse solution result.
图 11 碰撞频率
$ {v}_{\rm{e}} $ = 1 GHz (a) 反射系数幅度; (b) 有效频点选择; (c) 反解结果Figure 11. Collision frequency
$ {v}_{\rm{e}} $ = 0.1 GHz: (a) Magnitude of reflection coefficient; (b) selection of effective frequency points; (c) inverse solution result.
图 12 电阻负载式小型双层Vivaldi天线 (a) CST仿真模型; (b) 待用天线的照片; (c) 带耐热透波陶瓷材料的天线照片
Figure 12. The resistance loaded miniaturized dual-Layer Vivaldi antenna: (a) CST simulation model; (b) photograph of proposed antenna; (c) photograph of proposed antenna with heat resistant wave-transparent composites.
图 13 (a)宽带微波反射等离子体诊断实验配置俯视图; (b)微波反射等离子体诊断装置的安装图
Figure 13. (a) Top view of broadband microwave reflectometry plasma diagnostic system; (b) erection diagram of broadband microwave reflectometry plasmadiagnostic system in vacuum chamber.
图 14 不同输入功率下时-频-反射系数图 (a)状态1; (b)状态2; (c)状态3; (d)状态4; (e)状态5; (f)状态6
Figure 14. Images of time, frequency and reflection coefficient amplitude with different input power: (a) Status 1; (b) Status 2; (c) Status 3; (d) Status 4; (e) Status 5; (f) Status 6.
图 15 状态3 (a) 反射系数幅度; (b) 有效频点选择; (c) 反解结果
Figure 15. Status 3: (a) Magnitude of reflection coefficient; (b) selection of effective frequency points; (c) inverse solution result.
表 1 诊断结果
Table 1. Diagnostic results.
仿真设置值 诊断结果$ {n_{\text{e}}} $/cm–3 诊断误差/% 诊断结果$ {v_{{\text{en}}}} $/GHz 诊断误差/% $ {n_{\text{e}}} $/cm–3 $ {v_{{\text{en}}}} $/GHz 1×1010 1 $ < $5×1010 1×1011 1.283×1011 28.3 0.931 –6.9 3×1011 3.181×1011 6.03 1.050 5.0 5×1011 5.274×1011 5.48 0.896 –10.4 7×1011 7.435×1011 6.21 0.930 –7.0 1×1012 1.026×1012 2.60 0.954 –4.6 
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表 2 诊断结果
Table 2. Diagnostic results.
仿真设置值 诊断结果 $ {n_{\text{e}}} $/1011 cm–3 诊断误差/% 诊断结果 $ {v_{{\text{en}}}} $/GHz 诊断误差/% $ {n_{\text{e}}} $/cm–3 ${v_{ {\text{en} } } }$/GHz 3×1011 0.1 $ 3 $.355 11.8 0.0835 16.4 1.0 3.181 6.03 1.0500 5.0 5.0 2.887 3.77 3.6060 27.8
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表 3 不同输入功率下(不同等离子体状态)反射计诊断结果
Table 3. Diagnostic results of reflectometer in different input power (different plasma states).
状态 功率/kW 电压/kV 电流/A 反射计诊断结果/(1011 cm–3) 碰撞频率/GHz 透射法诊断结果/(1011 cm–3) 状态2 120 6.0 20 0.7082 2.198 1.404 状态3 154 7.0 22 1.5620 1.309 1.982 状态4 180 7.5 24 2.1000 0.881 3.442 状态5 208 8.0 26 5.5150 0.238 7.958 状态6 252 9.0 28 >10.0000 — 9.358
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[1] Hartunian R, Stewart G, Curtiss T, Fergason S, Seibold R 2007 AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference and Exhibit Hilton Head, South Carolina, USA, August 20–23, 2007, AIAA 2007–6633
[2] Rybak J, Churchill R J 1971 IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. AES-7(5) 879
[3] Xie K, Yang M, Bai B W, Li X P, Zhou H, Guo L X 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 119 023301
Google Scholar
[4] 杨敏 2014 博士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学)
Yang M 2014 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)
[5] Akey N D, Schroeder L C 1973 J. Spacecr. Rockets 10 170
Google Scholar
[6] Boris D R, Fernsler R F, Walton S G 2015 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24 025032
Google Scholar
[7] Saifutdinov A I, Sysoev S S 2022 Instrum. Exp. Tech. 65 75
Google Scholar
[8] 赵国利 2010博士学位论文 (大连: 大连理工大学)
Zhao G L 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Dalian: Dalian University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[9] 陈宗胜, 林志丹, 时家明, 马丽芳 2015 真空科学与技术学报 35 646
Chen Z S, Lin Z D, Shi J M, Ma F L 2015 Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology 35 646
[10] Berchtikou A, Lavoie J, Poenariu V 2011 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 18 24
Google Scholar
[11] Shi J, Guo Y C, Xiao S L, Qian F, Yang Z H 2017 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A866 72
[12] 李斌 2010 博士论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学)
Li B 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[13] 莫少奇 2016 博士论文 (成都: 电子科技大学)
Mo S Q 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[14] 袁忠才, 时家明 2005 核聚变与等离子体物理 25 78
Yuan Z C, Shi J M 2005 Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Physics 25 78
[15] 王甲寅, 时家明, 袁忠才 2007 强激光与粒子束 2007 621
Wang J Y, Shi J M, Yuan Z C 2007 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 2007 621
[16] 刘荣明, 吴慎将, 苏俊宏, 徐均琪, 王可瑄 2019 西安工业大学学报 39 521
Liu Y M, Wu S J, Su J H, Xu J Q, Wang K X 2019 Journal of Xi’an Technological University 39 521
[17] Ermak G P, Varavin A V, Vasilev A S, Fateev A V, Varavin N V, Zacek V, Zajac J, Zorenko A V 2016 Telecommun. Radio Eng. 76 903
[18] Janson S 1994 25th Plasmadynamics & Lasers Conference Colorado Springs, USA, June 20–23, 1994 ppAIAA-94-2424
[19] Ohler S G, Gilchrist B E, Gallimore A D 1995 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 23 428
Google Scholar
[20] Anabitarte E, Bustamante E G, Calderón M A G, Senties J M 1987 J. Infrared MillimeterWaves 8 733
[21] 李建刚 2016 物理 45 88
Li J G 2016 Physics 45 88
[22] 金兹堡 著 (钱善瑎 译) 1978 电磁波在等离子体中的传播 (北京: 科学出版社) 第5—9页, 第22—30页, 第85—87页
Ginzburg (translated by Qian S X) 1978 Propagation of electromagnetic wave in plasma (Beijing: Science Press) pp5–9, pp22–30, pp85–87 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhao C W, Li X P, Yang M, Sun C 2020 Microwave Opt. Technol. Lete. 63 205
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