Molecular dynamics simulations of GaAs crystal growth under different strains

Yuan Yong-Kai; Chen Qian; Gao Ting-Hong; Liang Yong-Chao; Xie Quan; Tian Ze-An; Zheng Quan; Lu Fei

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20221860

Abstract

The high-quality growth of GaAs crystals is extremely essential for the fabrication of high-performance high-frequency microwave electronic devices and light-emitting devices. In this work, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to simulate the induced crystallization of GaAs crystal along the [110] orientation. The effects of strain on the growth process and defect formation are analyzed by the largest standard cluster analysis, the pair distribution function, and visualization analysis. The results indicate that the crystallization process of GaAs crystal changes significantly under different strain conditions. At the initial stage, the crystal growth rate of the system decreases after a certain tensile strain and a large compressive strain have been applied, and the greater the strain, the lower the crystallization rate is. In addition, as the crystal grows, the system forms a zigzag interface bounded by the {111} facet, and the angle between the growth plane and the {111} facet affects the morphology of the solid-liquid interface and further affects the formation of twins. The larger the applied tensile strain and the smaller the angle, the more twin defects will form and the more irregular they will be. At the same time, a large proportion of the dislocations in the system is associated with twins. The application of strain can either inhibit or promote the nucleation of dislocations, and under an appropriate amount of strain size, crystals without dislocations can even grow. The study of the microstructural evolution of GaAs on an atomic scale provides a reference for crystal growth theory.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Institute of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, College of Big Data and Information Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
2.
College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

Corresponding author: Chen Qian, chenzhangqianer@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the Basic Research Program (Natural Science) of Guizhou Province, China (Grant Nos. ZK[2022]042, ZK[2021]051, [2017]5788), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51761004, 51661005, 11964005), the Industry and Education Combination Innovation Platform of Intelligent Manufacturing and Graduate Joint Training Base at Guizhou University, China (Grant No. 2020-520000-83-01-324061), and the Fostering Project of Guizhou University, China (Grant No. [2020]33).

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References

[1]	Santos Gomes B, Masia F 2022 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 625 743 Google Scholar
[2]	王鹏华, 唐吉龙, 亢玉彬, 方铉, 房丹, 王登魁, 林逢源, 王晓华, 魏志鹏 2019 物理学报 68 087803 Google Scholar Wang P H, Tang J L, Kang Y B, Fang X, Fang D, Wang D K, Lin F Y, Wang X H, Wei Z P 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 087803 Google Scholar
[3]	Carter M A, Mottram A, Peaker A R, Sudlow P D, White T 1971 Nature 232 469 Google Scholar
[4]	Chuang L C, Sedgwick F G, Chen R, Ko W S, Moewe M, Ng K W, Tran T T D, Chang-Hasnain C 2011 Nano Lett. 11 385 Google Scholar
[5]	Currie M, Dianat P, Persano A, Martucci M C, Quaranta F, Cola A, Nabet B 2013 Sensors 13 2475 Google Scholar
[6]	Ukita H, Uenishi Y, Tanaka H 1993 Science 260 786 Google Scholar
[7]	Mangla O, Roy S 2020 Materials Letters 274 128036 Google Scholar
[8]	Papež N, Dallaev R, Ţălu Ş, Kaštyl J 2021 Materials 14 3075 Google Scholar
[9]	Ghalgaoui A, Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T, Flytzanis C, Biermann K 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 266602 Google Scholar
[10]	Whelan J M, Wheatley G H 1958 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 6 169 Google Scholar
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[12]	Murakami M 2002 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 3 1 Google Scholar
[13]	Jiang P, Balram K C 2020 Opt. Express 28 12262 Google Scholar
[14]	Zhan L, Xia F, Xia Y, Xie B 2018 ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 6 1336 Google Scholar
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[16]	Shibuta Y, Sakane S, Miyoshi E, Okita S, Takaki T, Ohno M 2017 Nat. Communica. 8 10 Google Scholar
[17]	Jia T, Wang Z, Tang M, Xue Y, Huang G, Nie X, Lai S, Ma W, He B, Gou S 2022 Nanomaterials 12 611 Google Scholar
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[19]	Luo J, Gao T, Ren L, Xie Q, Tian Z, Chen Q, Liang Y 2019 Mater. Sci. Semicon. Proc. 104 104680 Google Scholar
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[24]	Gulluoglu A N, Tsai C T, Hartley C S, Chait A 1994 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2 67 Google Scholar
[25]	Pavia F, Curtin W A 2015 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 23 055002 Google Scholar
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[30]	Hoover W G 1985 Phys. Rev. A 31 1695 Google Scholar
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[34]	韦国翠, 田泽安 2021 物理学报 70 246401 Google Scholar Wei G C, Tian Z A 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 246401 Google Scholar
[35]	Hu L, Tian Z, Liang Y, Gao T, Chen Q, Zheng Q, Luo Y, Xie Q 2022 J. Alloys Compounds 897 162743 Google Scholar
[36]	Richert R, Angell C A 1998 J. Chem. Phys. 108 9016 Google Scholar
[37]	Capaccioli S, Prevosto D, Lucchesi M, Amirkhani M, Rolla P 2009 J. Non-Crystalline Solids 355 753 Google Scholar
[38]	Scott G D, Mader D L 1964 Nature 201 382 Google Scholar
[39]	Finney J L, Bernal J D 1997 Proc. Royal Society of London. A. Mathemat. Phys. Sci. 319 479 Google Scholar
[40]	Sheng H W, Luo W K, Alamgir F M, Bai J M, Ma E 2006 Nature 439 419 Google Scholar
[41]	Stukowski A, Bulatov V V, Arsenlis A 2012 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 20 085007 Google Scholar
[42]	Liu C S, Xia J, Zhu Z G, Sun D Y 2001 J. Chem. Phys. 114 7506 Google Scholar
[43]	Stukowski A 2009 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 18 015012 Google Scholar
[44]	Li D H, Moore R A, Wang S 1988 J. Chem. Phys. 89 4309 Google Scholar
[45]	Mitchell T E, Unal O 1991 J. Electro. Mater. 20 723 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 MD模拟中GaAs晶体的固液模型. 蓝色原子代表晶体原子, 灰色原子代表熔体原子

Figure 1. Solid-liquid model of GaAs crystal in the MD simulation. The blue atoms represent the crystal atoms and the grey atoms represent the melting atoms.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a) [4-S000] LaSC示意图; (b) 7种应变下体系的LaSC构型熵变化

Figure 2. (a) Diagram of [4-S000] LaSC; (b) LaSC entropy changes for the systems at seven strains.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 不同应变下熔体区域的PDF曲线

Figure 3. PDF curves of the melt region at different strains.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 施加不同应变时结晶速率随时间的变化, 插图显示0—0.7 ns时间内的放大部分

Figure 4. Variation of crystallization rates with time under different strains, and the inset shows the enlarged portion for the time range of 0 to 0.7 ns.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 孪晶缺陷原子数(a)和位错密度(b)随时间的变化曲线

Figure 5. Variation of the number of twin defect atoms (a) and dislocation density with time (b).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 不同应变下GaAs诱导式结晶体系的微观结构演变过程 (蓝色原子代表闪锌矿结构原子; 黄色原子代表纤锌矿结构原子; 白色原子代表其他类型的无序原子)

Figure 6. Microstructural evolution of GaAs-induced crystallization systems at different strains (Blue atoms represent zinc-blende structure atoms; yellow atoms represent wurtzite structure atoms; white atoms are other types of disordered atoms).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 ε = –0.02时的ADF曲线

Figure 7. ADF curves at ε = –0.02.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 (a) 对GaAs晶体的生长等温弛豫一段时间后系统的原子结构; (b) {111}面与生长平面之间的几何关系示意图

Figure 8. (a) Atomic structure of the system after a period of isothermal relaxation for the growth of GaAs crystals; (b) schematic diagram of the geometric relationship between the {111} plane and the growth plane.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 压杆位错形成过程　(a) 100 ps; (b) 900 ps. 压杆位错形成图解　(c)位错反应前; (d)位错反应后

Figure 9. Formation process of Lomer-Cottrell dislocation: (a) 100 ps; (b) 900 ps. Formation diagram of Lomer-Cottrell dislocation: (c) Before dislocation reaction; (d) after dislocation reaction.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 GaAs中各原子间的相互作用参数^[28,29]

Table 1. Interaction parameters between the atoms in GaAs^[28,29].

参数	Ga—Ga	As—As	Ga—As
γ	0.007874	0.455	0.0166
S	1.11	1.86	1.1417
d	0.75	0.1612	0.56
β/Å^–1	1.08	1.435	1.5228
D₀/eV	1.40	3.96	2.10
R₀/Å	2.3235	2.10	2.35
c	1.918	0.1186	1.29
h = cosθ₀	0.3013	0.07748	0.237
α/Å^–1	1.846	3.161	0
R_c/Å	2.95	3.40	3.10
D/Å	0.15	0.20	0.20

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Santos Gomes B, Masia F 2022 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 625 743 Google Scholar
[2]	王鹏华, 唐吉龙, 亢玉彬, 方铉, 房丹, 王登魁, 林逢源, 王晓华, 魏志鹏 2019 物理学报 68 087803 Google Scholar Wang P H, Tang J L, Kang Y B, Fang X, Fang D, Wang D K, Lin F Y, Wang X H, Wei Z P 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 087803 Google Scholar
[3]	Carter M A, Mottram A, Peaker A R, Sudlow P D, White T 1971 Nature 232 469 Google Scholar
[4]	Chuang L C, Sedgwick F G, Chen R, Ko W S, Moewe M, Ng K W, Tran T T D, Chang-Hasnain C 2011 Nano Lett. 11 385 Google Scholar
[5]	Currie M, Dianat P, Persano A, Martucci M C, Quaranta F, Cola A, Nabet B 2013 Sensors 13 2475 Google Scholar
[6]	Ukita H, Uenishi Y, Tanaka H 1993 Science 260 786 Google Scholar
[7]	Mangla O, Roy S 2020 Materials Letters 274 128036 Google Scholar
[8]	Papež N, Dallaev R, Ţălu Ş, Kaštyl J 2021 Materials 14 3075 Google Scholar
[9]	Ghalgaoui A, Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T, Flytzanis C, Biermann K 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 266602 Google Scholar
[10]	Whelan J M, Wheatley G H 1958 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 6 169 Google Scholar
[11]	Wu T, Wei J, Liu H, Ma S, Chen Y, Ren J 2021 Electronics 10 1482 Google Scholar
[12]	Murakami M 2002 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 3 1 Google Scholar
[13]	Jiang P, Balram K C 2020 Opt. Express 28 12262 Google Scholar
[14]	Zhan L, Xia F, Xia Y, Xie B 2018 ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 6 1336 Google Scholar
[15]	Sosso G C, Chen J, Cox S J, Fitzner M, Pedevilla P, Zen A, Michaelides A 2016 Chem. Rev. 116 7078 Google Scholar
[16]	Shibuta Y, Sakane S, Miyoshi E, Okita S, Takaki T, Ohno M 2017 Nat. Communica. 8 10 Google Scholar
[17]	Jia T, Wang Z, Tang M, Xue Y, Huang G, Nie X, Lai S, Ma W, He B, Gou S 2022 Nanomaterials 12 611 Google Scholar
[18]	Thu H T T, Hoang V V 2010 Computa. Mater. Sci. 49 S221 Google Scholar
[19]	Luo J, Gao T, Ren L, Xie Q, Tian Z, Chen Q, Liang Y 2019 Mater. Sci. Semicon. Proc. 104 104680 Google Scholar
[20]	Gulluoglu A N, Zhu X, Tsai C T 2001 J. Mater. Sci. 36 3557 Google Scholar
[21]	Meduoye G O, Bacon D J, Evans K E 1988 J. Crystal Growth 88 397 Google Scholar
[22]	Subramanyam N, Tsai C T 1995 J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 55 278 Google Scholar
[23]	Zhu X A, Tsai C T 2004 Computa. Mater. Sci. 29 334 Google Scholar
[24]	Gulluoglu A N, Tsai C T, Hartley C S, Chait A 1994 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2 67 Google Scholar
[25]	Pavia F, Curtin W A 2015 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 23 055002 Google Scholar
[26]	Plimpton S 1995 J. Computa. Phys. 117 1 Google Scholar
[27]	Albe K, Nordlund K, Nord J, Kuronen A 2002 Phys. Rev. B 66 035205 Google Scholar
[28]	Fichthorn K A, Tiwary Y, Hammerschmidt T, Kratzer P, Scheffler M 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 195328 Google Scholar
[29]	陈庆, 陈茜, 梁永超, 高廷红, 田泽安, 谢泉 2017 科学通报 62 1386 Google Scholar Chen Q, Chen Q, Liang Y C, Gao T H, Tian Z A, Xie Q 2017 Chin. Sci. Bulletin 62 1386 Google Scholar
[30]	Hoover W G 1985 Phys. Rev. A 31 1695 Google Scholar
[31]	Tian Z A, Liu R S, Dong K J, Yu A B 2011 EPL 96 36001 Google Scholar
[32]	Terban M W, Billinge S J L 2022 Chem. Rev. 122 1208 Google Scholar
[33]	Tian Z A, Dong K J, Yu A B 2013 AIP Confer. Proc. 1542 373 Google Scholar
[34]	韦国翠, 田泽安 2021 物理学报 70 246401 Google Scholar Wei G C, Tian Z A 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 246401 Google Scholar
[35]	Hu L, Tian Z, Liang Y, Gao T, Chen Q, Zheng Q, Luo Y, Xie Q 2022 J. Alloys Compounds 897 162743 Google Scholar
[36]	Richert R, Angell C A 1998 J. Chem. Phys. 108 9016 Google Scholar
[37]	Capaccioli S, Prevosto D, Lucchesi M, Amirkhani M, Rolla P 2009 J. Non-Crystalline Solids 355 753 Google Scholar
[38]	Scott G D, Mader D L 1964 Nature 201 382 Google Scholar
[39]	Finney J L, Bernal J D 1997 Proc. Royal Society of London. A. Mathemat. Phys. Sci. 319 479 Google Scholar
[40]	Sheng H W, Luo W K, Alamgir F M, Bai J M, Ma E 2006 Nature 439 419 Google Scholar
[41]	Stukowski A, Bulatov V V, Arsenlis A 2012 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 20 085007 Google Scholar
[42]	Liu C S, Xia J, Zhu Z G, Sun D Y 2001 J. Chem. Phys. 114 7506 Google Scholar
[43]	Stukowski A 2009 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 18 015012 Google Scholar
[44]	Li D H, Moore R A, Wang S 1988 J. Chem. Phys. 89 4309 Google Scholar
[45]	Mitchell T E, Unal O 1991 J. Electro. Mater. 20 723 Google Scholar

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