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To achieve rapid and accurate identification of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM rapeseed oils, a support vector machine (SVM) model based on an improved mayfly optimization algorithm and coupled with the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, is proposed. Two types of GM rapeseed oils and two types of non-GM rapeseed oils are selected as research subjects. Their spectral information is acquired by using the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The observations show that GM rapeseed oils exhibit stronger terahertz absorption characteristics than non-GM rapeseed oils. However, their absorption spectra are highly similar, making direct differentiation difficult through visual inspection alone. Therefore, SVM is used for spectral recognition. Considering that the classification performance of SVM is significantly affected by its parameters, the mayfly optimization algorithm is combined to optimize these parameters. Furthermore, adaptive inertia weight and Lévy flight strategies are introduced to enhance the global search capability and robustness of the mayfly optimization algorithm, thus addressing the issue of easily becoming trapped in local optima in the optimization process. Moreover, principal component analysis is used to reduce the dimensionality of the absorbance data in a 0.3–1.8 THz range, aiming to extract critical features, thereby enhancing modeling efficiency and reducing redundancy in spectral data. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved mayfly optimization algorithm effectively identifies the optimal parameter combination for SVM, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the identification model. The proposed SVM model, in which the improved mayfly optimization algorithm is used, can achieve a recognition accuracy of 100% for the four types of rapeseed oils, surpassing the 98.15% accuracy achieved by the SVM model with the original mayfly optimization algorithm. Thus, this study presents a rapid and effective new approach for identifying GM rapeseed oils and offers a valuable reference for identifying other genetically modified substances.
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Keywords:
- transgenic rapeseed oil /
- terahertz spectroscopy /
- classification discrimination /
- mayfly optimization algorithm
[1] 国际农业生物技术应用服务组织 2021 中国生物工程杂志 41 114
ISAAA 2021 China Biotechnol. 41 114
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[10] 张文涛, 李跃文, 占平平, 熊显名 2017 红外与激光工程 46 1125004
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[21] Liu N, Luo F, Ding W C 2019 2019 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) Xiamen, China, December 6–9, 2019 p3104
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图 1 THz-TDS系统原理图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of THz-TDS system.
图 2 360个菜籽油样本的THz时域光谱
Figure 2. THz time-domain spectra of 360 rapeseed oil samples.
图 3 4种菜籽油及参考信号的THz时域光谱
Figure 3. THz time-domain spectra of four types of rapeseed oils and reference signal.
图 4 4种菜籽油及参考信号的THz频域光谱
Figure 4. THz frequency-domain spectra of four types of rapeseed oils and reference signal.
图 5 360个菜籽油样本在0.3—1.8 THz波段内的吸光度谱
Figure 5. Absorption spectra of 360 rapeseed oil samples in the 0.3—1.8 THz range.
图 6 4种菜籽油在0.3—1.8 THz波段内的平均吸光度谱
Figure 6. Average absorption spectra of four types of rapeseed oils in the 0.3–1.8 THz range.
图 7 吸光度的主成分方差贡献率变化条形图
Figure 7. Bar chart of variance contribution rates for absorbance’s principal components.
图 8 吸光度前3个主成分的3D散点图
Figure 8. 3D scatter plot of the first three principal components of absorbance.
图 9 两种算法下SVM参数寻优过程中的适应度变化曲线 (a) MOA; (b) ALMOA
Figure 9. Fitness evolution curves during SVM parameter optimization process for two algorithms: (a) MOA; (b) ALMOA.
图 10 两种模型的分类结果混淆矩阵 (a) MOA-SVM模型; (b) ALMOA-SVM模型
Figure 10. Confusion matrices of the classification results for the two models: (a) MOA-SVM model; (b) ALMOA-SVM model.
表 1 实验样品信息
Table 1. The information of experimental sample.
标识符 品牌 类型 样本数 训练集 测试集 Non-GMO1 道道全 非转基因 63 27 Non-GMO2 鲁花 非转基因 63 27 GMO1 金龙鱼 转基因 63 27 GMO2 鄉佬坎 转基因 63 27 
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表 2 两种算法的SVM参数寻优结果
Table 2. Results of SVM parameter optimization under two algorithms.
优化算法 最佳适应度/% 参数 c g MOA 97.22 12.42 0.79 ALMOA 98.41 84.62 0.12
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表 3 MOA-SVM模型与ALMOA-SVM模型的性能评价
Table 3. Performance evaluation of the MOA-SVM model and ALMOA-SVM model.
模型 样品 查全率/% 查准率/% 精度/% MOA-SVM Non-GMO1 100 96.43 98.15 Non-GMO2 92.59 100 GMO1 100 96.43 GMO2 100 100 ALMOA-SVM Non-GMO1 100 100 100 Non-GMO2 100 100 GMO1 100 100 GMO2 100 100
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[1] 国际农业生物技术应用服务组织 2021 中国生物工程杂志 41 114
ISAAA 2021 China Biotechnol. 41 114
[2] Kumar K, Gambhir G, Dass A, Tripathi A K, Singh A, Jha A K, Yadava P, Choudhary M, Rakshit S 2020 Planta 251 91
Google Scholar
[3] Demeke T, Dobnik D 2018 Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 410 4039
Google Scholar
[4] Gampala S S, Wulfkuhle B, Richey K A 2019 Transgenic Plants 1864 411
Google Scholar
[5] 彭晓昱, 周欢 2021 物理学报 70 240701
Google Scholar
Peng X Y, Zhou H 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 240701
Google Scholar
[6] Mittleman D M 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 122 230901
Google Scholar
[7] Sun L, Zhao L, Peng R Y 2021 Mil. Med. Res. 8 28
Google Scholar
[8] 胡颖, 王晓红, 郭澜涛, 张存林, 刘海波, 张希成 2005 物理学报 54 4124
Google Scholar
Hu Y, Wang X H, Guo L T, Zhang C L, Liu H B, Zhang X C 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 4124
Google Scholar
[9] 陈涛 2016 量子电子学报 33 392
Chen T 2016 Chin. J. Quantum Electron. 33 392
[10] 张文涛, 李跃文, 占平平, 熊显名 2017 红外与激光工程 46 1125004
Google Scholar
Zhang W T, Li Y W, Zhan P P, Xiong X M 2017 Infrared Laser Eng. 46 1125004
Google Scholar
[11] Liu J J 2017 Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 59 654
Google Scholar
[12] Liu J J, Fan L L, Liu Y M, Mao L L, Kan J Q 2019 Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 206 165
Google Scholar
[13] Gu Q H, Chang Y X, Li X H, Chang Z Z, Feng Z D 2021 Expert Syst. Appl. 165 113713
Google Scholar
[14] Guo L, Xu C, Yu T H, Tuerxun W 2022 IEEE Access 10 36335
Google Scholar
[15] Cortes C, Vapnik V 1995 Mach. Learn. 20 273
Google Scholar
[16] Tuerxun W, Xu C, Guo H Y, Jin Z J, Zhou H J 2021 IEEE Access 9 69307
Google Scholar
[17] Zervoudakis K, Tsafarakis S 2020 Comput. Ind. Eng. 145 106559
Google Scholar
[18] Ding Y H, You W B 2020 IEEE Access 8 207089
Google Scholar
[19] Nickabadi A, Ebadzadeh M M, Safabakhsh R 2011 Appl. Soft Comput. 11 3658
Google Scholar
[20] Syama S, Ramprabhakar J, Anand R, Guerrero J M 2023 Results Eng. 19 101274
Google Scholar
[21] Liu N, Luo F, Ding W C 2019 2019 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) Xiamen, China, December 6–9, 2019 p3104
[22] Pan P Y, Xing Y H, Zhang D W, Wang J, Liu C L, Wu D, Wang X Y 2023 J. Food Sci. 88 3189
Google Scholar
[23] Elahi N, Duncan R W, Stasolla C 2016 Plant Physiol. Biochem. 100 52
Google Scholar
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