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The construction of core-shell structures with different structural properties based on the epitaxial growth technique has become an effective technique for regulating the luminescence properties of micro/nanocrystals. In order to obtain richer spectral information, NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+@NaYF4@ NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Er3+@NaYF4@NaYbF4:2%Er3+multilayered core-shell microcry- stals are prepared by using multiple epitaxial growth through introducing surface modifiers and controlling their reaction conditions. The XRD and SEM results clearly show that the core-shell microcrystals possess a pure hexagonal crystal structure in the form of a disk. The microdesk has a thickness of about 2.32 μm and a diameter of about 28.31 μm. The upconversion luminescence characteristics of different single microcrystal structures are investigated by a confocal microspectroscopy system. In order to realize the selective excitation and emission of a single microcrystal, the spatial distribution of luminescent ions can be controlled through introducing an intermediate isolation layer. Under 980 nm laser excitation, different excitation sites of the single microdisk exhibit different upconversion emission characteristics. The significant blue (450 and 475 nm), red (648 nm) and green (524 and 540 nm) emissions are observed, which mainly originat from Tm3+ and Er3+ radiative transitions. Meanwhile, the red and blue upconversion emission intensities of the microcrystals are improved by using various shell layers. In addition, the luminescence and energy-transfer features of single microcrystals are explored by changing the excitation position. The experimental results demonstrate that the incorporation of NaYF4 inert shells between luminescent layers can regulate luminescence and prevent ions from interacting. By utilizing the spectral fingerprint data of dopant ions in various shell layers, we create customizable micro-nano photonic barcodes and employ them for optical anti-counterfeiting detection. This study explores the use of constructed core-shell structures with luminescent tunable micron core-shell structures to acquire diverse spectral information and maintain stability through their structural properties. Thus, this core-shell structure provides a novel method for using upconversion luminescent microcrystals into micro- and nanophotonics to achieve anti-counterfeiting and display purposes.
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Keywords:
- upconversion luminescence /
- core-shell microcrystals /
- single particles /
- luminescence regulation /
- photonics barcodes
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图 1 (a) NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+及其包覆不同壳层后微米核壳晶体的XRD图谱; (b)—(f) 相应微米晶体及其核壳晶体的SEM图谱以及相应的元素映射图, 其中(b) NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%TmP; (c) Tm@Y; (d) Tm@Y@Er; (e) Tm@Y@Er@Y; (f) Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb.
Figure 1. (a) XRD patterns of NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+ with different core-shell microcrystals. (b)–(f) SEM images and element mapping of the NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+ with different core-shell microcrystals: (b) NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%TmP; (c) Tm@Y; (d) Tm@Y@Er; (e) Tm@Y@Er@Y; (f) Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb.
图 2 在980 nm激光激发下, (a), (b) NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+微米晶体包覆不同壳层阶段时不同激发位置处的上转换发射光谱, (c), (d) 发射峰面积及其红绿比与红蓝比. 插图为对应的发光图片; a, NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+; b, Tm@Y; c, Tm@Y@Er; d, Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb; e, Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb
Figure 2. (a), (b) Upconversion emission spectra, (c), (d) emission peak areas and R/G ratio, R/B ratio NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+ with different core-shell microcrystals under 980 nm laser excitation. The insert is corresponding luminescence micrographs. a, NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+; b, Tm@Y; c, Tm@Y@Er; d, Tm@Y@Er@Y; e, Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb.
图 3 980 nm激光激发下, (a) 单颗粒Tm@Er@Yb及(b) 单颗粒Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb微米核壳结构在不同激发位置处的上转换发射光谱(插图为其发光图片)、(c) 强度变化图及(d) CIE图
Figure 3. (a) Upconversion emission spectra of Tm@Er@Yb and (b) Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb core-shell microcrystals at different excitation conditions under 980 nm laser excitation (The insert is corresponding luminescence micrographs), (c) emission peak area trends, and (d) CIE coordinate chart.
图 4 在980 nm激光激发下, 不同微米晶体粉体样品的(a)上转换发射光谱和(b)发射峰面积, 插图为其发光图片 (a, NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+; b, Tm@Y; c, Tm@Y@Er; d, Tm@Y@Er@Y; e, Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb)
Figure 4. (a) Upconversion emission spectra and (b) emission peak areas of the different powder samples under 980 nm laser excitation. The insert is corresponding luminescence micrograps. a, NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+; b, Tm@Y; c, Tm@Y@Er; d, Tm@Y@Er@Y; e, Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb.
图 5 在980 nm激光激发下, Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb核壳微米晶体不同激发位置, 单一NaYbF4:2%Er3+, NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Er3+, NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+ 微米晶体在不同功率下的(a)—(f)上转换发射光及其(g)—(l)谱泵浦功率依赖性关系 (a), (g) NaYbF4:2%Er3+壳; (b), (h) NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Er3+壳; (c), (i) NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+核; (d), (j) NaYbF4:2%Er3+; (e), (k) NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Er3+; (f), (l) NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+
Figure 5. (a)–(f) Upconversion emission spectra and (g)–(l) pump power dependences of Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb microcrystals at different excitation positions and NaYbF4:2%Er3+, NaYF4: 20%Yb3+/2%Er3+, NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+ microcrystals under 980 nm laser excitation at different powers: (a), (g) NaYbF4:2%Er3+ shell; (b), (h) NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Er3+ shell; (c), (i) NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+ shell; (d), (j) NaYbF4:2%Er3+; (e), (k) NaYF4:20%Yb3+/2%Er3+; (f), (l) NaYF4:50%Yb3+/2%Tm3+.
图 6 在980 nm激光激发下, Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb微米核壳中不同离子的能级图和可能的跃迁机制图
Figure 6. Under 980 nm excitation, energy level diagram and possible transition mechanism diagram in Tm@Y@Er@Y@Yb core-shell microcrystals
图 7 (a) 光子条形码防伪概念验证; (b) 980 nm激光激发下, 不同激发位置处晶体的上转换发射光谱以及相应的光子学条形码; (c) 光子学条形码的组合及验证示意图
Figure 7. (a) Photonic barcoding proof-of-concept for anti-counterfeiting; (b) upconversion emission spectra of microcrystals and corresponding photonics barcodes under 980 nm laser excitation; (c) schematic illustration of photonics barcodes.
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