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White upconversion (UC) luminescent materials have shown incomparable advantages over other light sources in the fields of solid-state lighting, liquid crystal display, and bioimaging, and received extensive attention from researchers. In this work, a series of microcrystals doped with different ion concentrations is synthesized by hydrothermal method, such as NaYF4: Yb3+/Ho3+/Tm3+ and NaYF4: Yb3+/Ho3+/Tm3+, and their corresponding micron core-shell (CS) structures are constructed based on epitaxial growth technology. The structure and morphology of the prepared microcrystals are characterised by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), showing that the microcrystal has a pure hexagonal-phase crystal structure with a rod-like shape. Under the excitation of 980 nm near-infrared laser, the white UC luminescence characteristics of Ho3+/Tm3+ and Er3+/Tm3+ co-doped single-particle NaYF4 microcrystals are systematically studied by modulating the concentration of the doping ions. The study shows that in Ho3+/Tm3+ co-doped NaYF4 microcrystals, white UC luminescence can be easily achieved by modulating the concentration of Yb3+ ions, while in the Er3+/Tm3+ co-doped NaYF4 microcrystal, the white UC luminescence can be effectively achieved by modulating the concentration of Er3+ ions. According to the luminescence characteristics of the microncrystals in different doping systems, the physical mechanism of white light emission regulation is revealed, which is mainly due to the interaction between the doped ions, including cross relaxation (CR) process and energy back transfer (EBT) process. Meanwhile, an effective enhancement of the white UC luminescence on CS microrod is achieved by coating the NaYF4 inert shell. Therefore, ion doping technique and the construction of CS structure can not only realize the white UC luminescence of microrods, but also provide important experimental reference for further enhancing the luminescence characteristics of microrods, and expand the applications of microcrystals in the fields of display, optoelectronics and anti-counterfeiting.
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Keywords:
- white upconversion luminescence /
- micron core-shell structure /
- ion doping /
- single particle /
- luminescence mechanism
[1] Shao L, Liu D, Lyu J, Zhou D, Ding N, Sun R, Xu W, Wang N, Xu S, Dong B, Song H 2021 Mater. Today Phys. 21 100495
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[3] Liu H L, Xu J H, Wang H, Liu Y J, Ruan Q F, Wu Y M, Liu X G, Yang J K W 2019 Adv. Mater. 31 1807900
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[4] Gao L X, Shan X C, Xu X X, Liu Y T, Liu B L, Li S Q, Wen S H, Ma C S, Jin D Y, Wang F 2020 Nanoscale 12 18595
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[8] Bao S, Yu H Y, Gao G Y, Zhu H Y, Wang D S, Zhu P F, Wang G F 2021 Nano Res. 15 3594
[9] Li G G, Tian Y, Zhao Y, Lin J 2015 Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 8688
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[10] Luitel H N, Chand R, Watari T 2016 Displays 42 1
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[19] Xiao P, Ye S, Liao H Z, Shi Y L, Wang D P 2019 J. Solid State Chem. 275 63
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Gao W, Wang B Y, Sun Z Y, Gao L, Zhang C X, Han Q Y, Dong J 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 034207
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[31] Gao W, Sun Z Y, Han Q Y, Han S S, Cheng X T, Wang Y K, Yan X W, Dong J 2021 J. Alloys Compds. 857 157578
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Google Scholar
[35] Wu Q X, Xu Z, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdia A, Zhao S L 2022 J. Alloys Compd. 891 162067
Google Scholar
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图 2 NaYF4: 9% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+, NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/1.0% Er3+/2% Tm3+微米晶体及其核壳微米棒的(a1)—(a4) SEM图像, (b1)—(b4)元素映射图, (c1)—(c4)尺寸分布图
Figure 2. (a1)–(a4) SEM images, (b1)–(b4) element maps and (c1)–(c4) size distribution of NaYF4: 9% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+ and NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/1.0% Er3+/2% Tm3+ microcrystals and their core-shell microcrystals.
图 4 在980 nm激光激发下, 单颗粒NaYF4 : x% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+ (x = 6, 7, 8, 9)微米棒的(a)上转换发射光谱, (b)红光、绿光和蓝光的发射峰面积, (c)红绿比、蓝绿比和(d) CIE色度坐标图
Figure 4. (a) The UC emission spectra, (b) the peak area of the bule, green and red emission intensity, (c) R/G ratio, B/G ratio and (d) CIE chromaticity coordinates of single-particle NaYF4 : x% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+ (x = 6, 7, 8, 9) microrods under the excitation of 980 nm NIR laser.
图 5 在980 nm激光激发下, 单颗粒NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/x% Er3+/2% Tm3+ (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)微米棒的(a)上转换发射光谱; (b)红光、绿光和蓝光的发射峰面积; (c)红绿比、蓝绿比以及(d) CIE色度坐标图
Figure 5. (a) The UC emission spectra, (b) the peak area of the bule, green and red emission intensity, (c) R/G ratio, B/G ratio and (d) CIE chromaticity coordinates of single-particle NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/x% Er3+/2% Tm3+ (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) microrods under the excitation of 980 nm NIR laser.
图 6 在980 nm激光激发下, 单颗粒(a) NaYF4 : 9% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+, (b) NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/1.0% Er3+/2% Tm3+微米棒及其惰性核壳结构的发射光谱, (c), (e)红光、绿光和蓝光的发射峰面积和(d), (f)增强倍数
Figure 6. (a)(b) The UC emission spectra, (c)(e) the peak area of the bule, green and red emission intensity and (d)(f) enhancement of single-particle NaYF4 : 9% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+, NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/1.0% Er3+/2% Tm3+ and its inert core-shell microrods under the excitation of 980 nm NIR laser.
图 8 在不同功率980 nm激光激发下, 单颗粒NaYF4 : 9% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+及NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/1.0% Er3+/2% Tm3+微棒的(a)(d)发射光谱, (b)(e) 红光、绿光和蓝光的发射峰面积(插图为对应的R/G比值、B/G比值), 及(c)(f) 泵浦功率依赖关系
Figure 8. (a)(d) The UC emission spectra, (b)(e) the peak area of the bule, green and red emission intensity (insets show the corresponding R/G ratio, B/G ratio) and (c)(f) pump power dependences of single-particle NaYF4 : 9% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+, NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/1.0% Er3+/2% Tm3+.
图 A1 980 nm激光激发下, 单颗粒NaYF4:x% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+(x = 5, 10, 15, 18)微米棒的(a)上转换发射光谱, (b)红光、绿光、蓝光发射峰面积以及(c)红绿比、蓝绿比
Figure A1. (a) The UC emission spectra, (b) the peak area of the bule, green and red emission intensity, (c) R/G ratio, B/G ratio of single-particle NaYF4: x% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+ (x = 5, 10, 15, 18) microrods under the excitation of 980 nm NIR laser.
图 A2 980 nm激光激发下, 单颗粒NaYF4:x% Yb3+/2% Er3+/2% Tm3+(x = 10, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50)微米棒的(a)上转换发射光谱, (b)红光、绿光、蓝光发射峰面积以及(c)红绿比、蓝绿比
Figure A2. (a) The UC emission spectra, (b) the peak area of the bule, green and red emission intensity and (c) R/G ratio, B/G ratio of single-particle NaYF4:x% Yb3+/2% Er3+/2% Tm3+(x = 10, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50) microrods under the excitation of 980 nm NIR laser.
图 A3 980 nm激光激发下, 单颗粒NaYF4:x% Yb3+/2% Er3+/2% Tm3+ (x = 32, 34, 36, 38)微米棒的(a)上转换发射光谱, (b)红光、绿光、蓝光发射峰面积以及(c)红绿比、蓝绿比
Figure A3. (a) The UC emission spectra, (b) the peak area of the bule, green and red emission intensity and (c) R/G ratio, B/G ratio of single-particle NaYF4:x% Yb3+/2% Er3+/2% Tm3+ (x = 32, 34, 36, 38) microrods under the excitation of 980 nm NIR laser.
表 1 水热法制备微米晶体所需药品的详细参数
Table 1. Detailed parameters of medicines for the preparation of the microcrystals by hydrothermal method.
样品 核体积/mL EDTA-2Na/g Re(NO3)3/mL NaF/mL NH4HF2/mL NaYF4:Yb3+/Ho3+/Tm3+ — 0.282 1.50 5.00 6.00 NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+ — 0.282 1.50 5.00 6.00 NaYF4:Yb3+/Ho3+/Tm3+@NaYF4 5 0.282 1.50 5.00 6.00 NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+@NaYF4 5 0.282 1.50 5.00 6.00 注: Re(NO3)3, NaF和NH4HF2溶液浓度均为0.5 mol/L. 表 2 单个NaYF4 : x% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+(x = 6, 7, 8, 9)微米棒的CIE色度坐标
Table 2. CIE coordinates of single-particle NaYF4 : x% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+ (x = 6, 7, 8, 9) microrods.
Samples CIE chromaticity coordinate x y NaYF4 : 6% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+ 0.3123 0.3824 NaYF4 : 7% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+ 0.3215 0.3456 NaYF4 : 8% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+ 0.3383 0.3932 NaYF4 : 9% Yb3+/2% Ho3+/2% Tm3+ 0.3284 0.3401 表 3 单个NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/x% Er3+/2% Tm3+ (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)微米棒的CIE色度坐标
Table 3. CIE coordinates of single-particle NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/x% Er3+/2% Tm3+ (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) microrods.
Samples CIE chromaticity coordinate x y NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/0.5% Er3+/2% Tm3+ 0.2604 0.3661 NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/1.0% Er3+/2% Tm3+ 0.3281 0.3204 NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/1.5% Er3+/2% Tm3+ 0.3216 0.3748 NaYF4 : 36% Yb3+/2.0% Er3+/2% Tm3+ 0.3018 0.4854 -
[1] Shao L, Liu D, Lyu J, Zhou D, Ding N, Sun R, Xu W, Wang N, Xu S, Dong B, Song H 2021 Mater. Today Phys. 21 100495
Google Scholar
[2] Hao S, Shang Y F, Hou Y D, Chen T, Lv W Q, Hu P G, Yang C H 2021 Sol. Energy 224 563
Google Scholar
[3] Liu H L, Xu J H, Wang H, Liu Y J, Ruan Q F, Wu Y M, Liu X G, Yang J K W 2019 Adv. Mater. 31 1807900
Google Scholar
[4] Gao L X, Shan X C, Xu X X, Liu Y T, Liu B L, Li S Q, Wen S H, Ma C S, Jin D Y, Wang F 2020 Nanoscale 12 18595
Google Scholar
[5] Liang H Z, Lei W C, Liu S X, Zhang P, Luo Z W, Lu A X 2021 Opt. Mater. 119 111320
Google Scholar
[6] Du P, Bharat L K, Yu J S 2015 J. Alloys Compd. 633 37
Google Scholar
[7] Ray S K, Joshi B, Ramani S, Park S, Hur J 2022 J. Alloys Compd. 892 162101
Google Scholar
[8] Bao S, Yu H Y, Gao G Y, Zhu H Y, Wang D S, Zhu P F, Wang G F 2021 Nano Res. 15 3594
[9] Li G G, Tian Y, Zhao Y, Lin J 2015 Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 8688
Google Scholar
[10] Luitel H N, Chand R, Watari T 2016 Displays 42 1
Google Scholar
[11] Vinodkumar P, Panda S, Jaiganesh G, Padhi R K, Madhusoodanan U, Panigrahi B S 2021 Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 253 119560
[12] Meng Z P, Zhang S F, Wu S L 2020 J. Lumin. 227 117566
Google Scholar
[13] Long S W, Ma D C, Zhu Y Z, Yang M M, Lin S P, Wang B 2017 J. Lumin. 192 728
Google Scholar
[14] Mehrdel B, Nikbakht A, Aziz A A, Jameel M S, Dheyab M A, Khaniabadi P M 2021 Nanotechnology 33 082001
Google Scholar
[15] Shi F, Wang J S, Zhai X S, Zhao D, Qin W P 2011 CrystEngComm 13 3782
Google Scholar
[16] Lin H, Xu D K, Teng D D, Yang S H, Zhang Y L 2015 Luminescence 30 723
Google Scholar
[17] Pathak T K, Kumar A, Erasmus L J B, Pandey A, Coetsee E, Swart H C, Kroon R E 2018 Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 207 23
[18] Hassairi M A, Hernandez A G, Dammak M, Zambon D, Chadeyron G, Mahiou R 2018 J. Lumin. 203 707
Google Scholar
[19] Xiao P, Ye S, Liao H Z, Shi Y L, Wang D P 2019 J. Solid State Chem. 275 63
Google Scholar
[20] Ju D D, Song F, Han Y D, Zhang J, Song F F, Zhou A H, Huang W, Zadkov V 2019 J. Alloys Compd. 787 1120
Google Scholar
[21] Ju D D, Gao X L, Zhang S C, Li Y, Cui W J, Yang Y H, Luo M Y, Liu S J 2021 CrystEngComm 23 3892
Google Scholar
[22] 高伟, 孙泽煜, 郭立淳, 韩珊珊, 陈斌辉, 韩庆艳, 严学文, 王勇凯, 刘继红, 董军 2022 物理学报 71 034207
Google Scholar
Gao W, Sun Z Y, Guo L C, Han S S, Chen B H, Han Q Y, Yan X W, Wang Y K, Liu J H, Dong J 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 034207
Google Scholar
[23] 高伟, 王博扬, 孙泽煜, 高露, 张晨雪, 韩庆艳, 董军 2020 物理学报 69 034207
Google Scholar
Gao W, Wang B Y, Sun Z Y, Gao L, Zhang C X, Han Q Y, Dong J 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 034207
Google Scholar
[24] Gao W, Zhang C X, Han Q Y, Lu Y R, Yan X W, Wang Y K, Yang Y, Liu J H, Dong J 2022 J. Lumin. 241 118501
Google Scholar
[25] Bao H Q, Wang W, Li X, et al. 2021 Adv. Opt. Mater. 10 2101702
Google Scholar
[26] Tong L M, Lu E, Pichaandi J, Zhao G Y, Winnik M A 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 120 6269
Google Scholar
[27] Tang J F, Li G N, Yang C, Gou J, Luo D H, He H 2015 CrystEngComm 17 9048
Google Scholar
[28] Sun J Y, Xue B, Du H Y 2013 Mat. Sci. Eng. B 178 822
Google Scholar
[29] Wu Y F S, Lai F Q, Liu B, Li Z B, Liang T X, Qiang Y C, Huang J H, Ye X Y, You W X 2020 J. Rare Earths 38 130
Google Scholar
[30] Zhang C M, Ma P A, Li C X, Li G G, Huang S S, Yang D M, Shang M M, Kang X J, Lin J 2011 J. Mater. Chem. 21 717
Google Scholar
[31] Gao W, Sun Z Y, Han Q Y, Han S S, Cheng X T, Wang Y K, Yan X W, Dong J 2021 J. Alloys Compds. 857 157578
Google Scholar
[32] Kuang Y, Xu J, Wang C, Li T Y, Gai S L, He F, Yang P P, Lin J 2019 Chem. Mater. 31 7898
Google Scholar
[33] Yu Z C, Zhou H F, Zhou G J, et al. 2017 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19 31675
Google Scholar
[34] Gao W, Kong X Q, Han Q Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhao X, Yan X W, Liu J H, Shi J, Dong J 2018 J. Lumin. 202 381
Google Scholar
[35] Wu Q X, Xu Z, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdia A, Zhao S L 2022 J. Alloys Compd. 891 162067
Google Scholar
[36] Huo L L, Zhou J J, Wu R Z, Ren J F, Zhang S J, Zhang J J, Xu S Q 2016 Opt. Mater. Express 6 1056
Google Scholar
[37] Pang T, Cao W H, Xing M M, Luo X X, Yang X F 2011 Opt. Mater. 33 485
Google Scholar
[38] Gao D L, Zhang X Y, Chong B, Xiao G Q, Tian D P 2017 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19 4288
Google Scholar
[39] Jeong S H, Kshetri Y K, Kim S H, Cho S H, Lee S W 2019 Prog. Nat. Sci. 29 549
Google Scholar
[40] Pollnau M, Gamelin D R, Lüthi S R, Güdel H U 2000 Phys. Rev. B 61 3337
Google Scholar
[41] Gao W, Zheng H R, Han Q Y, He E J, Wang R B 2014 CrystEngComm 16 6697
Google Scholar
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