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ABX3 crystalline perovskite material has many advantages: good photoelectric absorption property, high charge carrier mobility, good film formation, long charge carrier lifetime, and easy bandgap adjustment for absorption layer of perovskite solar cells. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has taken a tremendous step forward, from 3.9% in 2009 to a recently reported value over 25.5%. Thus, it shows great potential to compete with traditional silicon solar cells. However, PSCs preparing conditions are harsh and susceptible to environmental influences, thus leading to instability. Therefore, it is essential to prepare high-performance and stable PSCs in an air environment. This study aims to use the ion doping method to improve the performance and stability of PSCs and analyze the mechanism. This work focuses on enhancing PSCs efficiency and stability by performing FA+ and Cl– doping experiments on MAPbI3 films in air. The results show that a single Cl–-doping increases the carrier diffusion length, reducing the recombination of electrons and holes, and inducing the perovskite intermediate hydrate (CH3NH3)4PbI6·2H2O to form, promoting the crystallization of the thin film, and improving the device performance. On the other hand, a single FA+-doping will reduce the bandgap of perovskite and increase the short-circuit current density (JSC) of the device, and FA+ is susceptible to the influence of water vapor to induce a yellow δ-FAPbI3 perovskite film to form, which leads the device performance to degrade. However, the prepared co-doping Cl–, FA+ significantly improves overall PSCs device performance, yielding the highest PCE of 17.29%, and showing excellent stability by maintaining over 80% of the original PCE without any encapsulation after 1000-hour storage in ambient air.
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Keywords:
- perovskite solar cells /
- organic-inorganic hybrid /
- ion doping /
- stability
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图 1 基于FTO衬底上不同掺杂条件下钙钛矿薄膜的XRD图谱
Figure 1. XRD patterns of perovskite films under different doping conditions on FTO substrates.
图 2 不同掺杂条件下钙钛矿薄膜的XPS图谱 (a)XPS全谱图; (b)−(f)分别对应于C 1s, Pb 4f, I 3d, N 1s以及O 1s的精细图谱
Figure 2. XPS spectra of perovskite films under different doping conditions: (a) XPS full spectrum; (b)−(f) correspond to the fine spectrum of C 1s, Pb 4f, I 3d, N 1s, and O 1s, respectively.
图 3 基于FAyMA1–yPbI3薄膜和FAyMA1–yPbI3–xClx薄膜C 1s光谱的分峰拟合图谱
Figure 3. The XPS peak fitting pattern of C 1s spectra of FAyMA1–yPbI3 film and FAyMA1–yPbI3–xClx film.
图 4 不同掺杂条件下钙钛矿薄膜的SEM表面图像 (a) MAPbI3薄膜; (b) MAPbI3–xClx薄膜; (c) FAyMA1–yPbI3薄膜; (d) FAyMA1–yPbI3–xClx薄膜
Figure 4. SEM surface image of perovskite film under different doping conditions: (a) MAPbI3 film; (b) MAPbI3–xClx film; (c) FAyMA1–yPbI3 film; (d) FAyMA1–yPbI3–xClx film.
图 5 不同掺杂条件下钙钛矿薄膜的UV-vis光谱图
Figure 5. UV-vis spectra of perovskite films under different doping conditions.
图 6 不同掺杂条件下钙钛矿薄膜的 (a) 稳态PL光谱图和(b) TRPL光谱图(插图中的表格为具体参数)
Figure 6. (a) Steady-state PL spectrum and (b) TRPL spectrum of perovskite films under different doping conditions (the table in the illustration shows the specific parameters).
图 7 (a) 不同掺杂条件下钙钛矿薄膜PSC的J-V曲线; (b)基于MAPbI3薄膜与FAyMA1–yPbI3–xClx薄膜制备的最优器件的EQE图谱
Figure 7. (a) J-V curve of perovskite film PSC under different doping conditions; (b) EQE spectrum of the optimal device prepared based on MAPbI3 film and FAyMA1–yPbI3–xClx film.
图 8 基于MAPbI3薄膜与FAyMA1–yPbI3–xClx薄膜制备的最优器件的(a)最大功率点稳态输出图和(b)正反扫J-V曲线测试
Figure 8. (a) Steady-state photocurrent and PCE outputs at a voltage close to the maximum output point (b) J-V curves under reverse and forward scanning of the optimal device prepared based on MAPbI3 film and FAyMA1–yPbI3–xClx film.
图 9 基于MAPbI3薄膜与FAyMA1–yPbI3–xClx薄膜制备的最优器件的(a)瞬态VOC光谱图和(b)空气中的稳定性
Figure 9. (a) Transient VOC spectrogram and (b) optimal device stability in the air prepared based on MAPbI3 film and FAyMA1–yPbI3–xClx film.
表 1 不同掺杂条件下钙钛矿薄膜PSCs的光伏参数
Table 1. Photovoltaic parameters of perovskite film PSCs under different doping conditions.
器件薄膜种类 开路电压 短路电流 填充因子 功率转换效率 VOC/V JSC/(mA·cm–2) FF/% PCE/% MAPbI3 1.04 20.16 60.33 12.94 MAPbI3–xClx 1.08 22.88 62.90 15.67 FAyMA1–yPbI3 1.04 17.91 53.91 11.10 FAyMA1–y PbI3–xClx 1.07 23.67 68.52 17.29 
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表 2 不同掺杂条件下钙钛矿薄膜PSCs的光伏参数
Table 2. Photovoltaic parameters of perovskite film PSCs under different doping conditions.
组分含量/(mg·mL–1) 开路电压 短路电流 填充因子 功率转换效率 PbI2 MAI FAI MACl VOC/V JSC/(mA·cm–2) FF/% PCE/% 1.4 mol/L 70 0 0 1.04 20.16 60.33 12.94 63 0 7 1.08 22.88 62.90 15.67 56 0 14 1.05 21.79 61.53 14.08 21 49 0 0.98 15.40 47.50 7.17 28 42 0 1.04 17.91 53.91 11.10 35 35 0 1.04 17.35 56.21 10.24 25 38 7 1.07 23.67 68.52 17.29 22 34 14 1.06 21.34 65.07 14.72
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[1] Jeon N J, Noh J H, Yang W S, Kim Y C, Ryu S, Seo J, Sang I S 2015 Nature 517 476
Google Scholar
[2] Zhang X, Jin Z, Zhang J, Bai D, Bian H, Wang K, Sun J, Wang Q, Liu S 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 7145
Google Scholar
[3] Dong Q, Fang Y, Shao Y, Mulligan P, Qiu J, Cao L, Huang J 2015 Science 347 967
Google Scholar
[4] Jeon N J, Na H, Jung E H, Yang T Y, Seo J 2018 Nat. Energy 3 682
Google Scholar
[5] D'Innocenzo V, Grancini G, Alcocer M, Kandada A, Petrozza A 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3586
Google Scholar
[6] Stranks S D, Eperon G E, Grancini G, et al. 2013 Science 342 341
Google Scholar
[7] Michael M L, Joel T, Tsutomu M, Takurou N M, Henry J S 2012 Science 338 643
Google Scholar
[8] Akihiro K, Kenjiro T, Yasuo S, Tsutomu M 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050
Google Scholar
[9] NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Best Research-Cell Efficiencies, 2021. https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/cell-pv-eff-emergingpv-rev210726.pdf.
[10] Nenon D P, Christians J A, Wheeler L M, et al. 2016 Energy Environ. Sci. 9 2072
Google Scholar
[11] Habisreutinger S N, Leijtens T, Eperon G E, Stranks S D, Nicholas R J, Snaith H J 2014 Nano Lett. 14 5561
Google Scholar
[12] Wu J, Dong J J, Chen S X, Hao H Y, Xing J, Liu H 2018 Nanoscale Res. Lett. 13 293
Google Scholar
[13] Niu Q, Deng Y, Cui D, Lv H, Min Y 2019 J. Mater. Sci. 54 22
Google Scholar
[14] Chen S, Dong J, Wu J, Hou S, Hao H 2019 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 201 110110
Google Scholar
[15] Wang C, Long Y, Liu X, Fu S, Wang J, Zhang J, Hu Z, Zhu Y 2020 J. Mater. Chem. C 8 48
[16] Xiang Y, Ma Z, Zhuang J, Lu H, Jia C, Luo J, Li H, Cheng X 2017 J. Phys. Chem. C 121 37
Google Scholar
[17] Li X, Yang J, Jiang Q, Chu W, Zhang D, Zhou Z, Ren Y, Xin J 2017 Electrochim. Acta 247 460
Google Scholar
[18] Xu Y Z, Zhu L F, Shi J J, Xu X, Xiao J Y 2016 Chemphyschem 17 112
Google Scholar
[19] Zhao Y, Tan H, Yuan H, Yang Z, Fan J Z, Kim J, Voznyy O, Gong X, Quan L N, Tan C S 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1607
Google Scholar
[20] 李晓娥, 陈秀娟, 张淼, 祖庸 1995 稀有金属材料与工程 24 65
Google Scholar
Li X E, Chen X J, Zhang M, Zu Y 1995 Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 24 65
Google Scholar
[21] Isikgor F, Li B, Zhu H, Xu Q H, Ouyang J 2016 J. Mater. Chem. A 4 12543
Google Scholar
[22] Mu C, Pan J, Feng S, Li Q, Xu D 2017 Adv. Energy Mater. 7 1601297
Google Scholar
[23] Xie F, Chen C C, Wu Y, Li X, Cai M, Liu X, Yang X, Han L 2017 Energy Environ. Sci. 10 1942
Google Scholar
[24] Lee Y M, Yun J H, Matsuyama A, et al. 2019 Appl. Phys. Express 12 051003
Google Scholar
[25] Kim M, Kim G H, Lee T K, Choi I W, Dong S K 2019 Joule 3 2179
Google Scholar
[26] Liu Z, Shi T, Tang Z, Bo S, Liao G 2016 Nanoscale 8 7017
Google Scholar
[27] Luo J, Jia C, Wan Z, Han F, Zhao B, Wang R 2017 J. Power Sources 342 886
Google Scholar
[28] Peng J, Wu Y L, Ye W, et al. 2017 Energy Environ. Sci. 10 1792
Google Scholar
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