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In the re-entry process of the vehicle into the atmosphere, the high-temperature environment, induced by the compression of the strong shock wave and viscous retardation, is created around the head of a vehicle. These generate a conductive plasma flow field, which provides a direct working environment for the application of magnetohydrodynaimic (MHD) control technology. Numerical simulations based on thermochemical non-equilibrium MHD model are adopted to analyze the surface heat flux of an orbital reentry experiment (OREX) vehicle. The influences of wall catalytic conditions on the aerothermal environment under different flight conditions are discussed. In addition, the control mechanism of an external magnetic field on high-temperature thermochemical non-equilibrium flow field is analyzed. The results show that the distribution of surface heat flux monotonically increases with the catalytic recombination coefficient increasing, and the surface heat flux rises and then drops with the flight altitude decreasing. Moreover, the wall catalytic properties significantly affect the efficiency of MHD control technology, and the total heat flux is closely related to the accumulation of atomic components, diffusion gradient and temperature gradient near the wall region. With an external magnetic field applied, the accumulation of oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms near the wall can be reduced. Moreover, the Lorentz force can increase the shock standoff distance, and then reduce the component diffusion gradient and wall temperature gradient. Under three different wall catalytic conditions, the ability to control the surface heat flux MHD is ranked from strong to weak as fully catalyzed, partially catalyzed and non-catalyzed.
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Keywords:
- thermochemical non-equilibrium /
- magnetohydrodynamic /
- catalytic effect /
- numerical simulation
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图 1 高焓膨胀管球头脱体激波实验图像与计算结果对比
Figure 1. Comparison between high enthalpy expansion tube experimental images and calculated results of ball head detached shock wave.
图 2 不同催化壁面条件热流计算结果与实验结果对比
Figure 2. Comparison between calculated heat flux under different catalytic wall conditions and experimental results.
图 3 不同壁面催化条件下热流分布 (a) 完全催化; (b) 部分催化; (c) 非催化
Figure 3. Heat flux distribution under different wall catalytic conditions: (a) Full catalysis; (b) partially catalysis: (c) non-catalysis.
图 4 不同壁面催化模型OREX算例驻点热流计算与实验结果的比较
Figure 4. Comparison of computed stagnation point heat flux with OREX experimental results under different wall catalytic models.
图 5 OREX各工况驻点热流随壁面催化复合系数的变化曲线
Figure 5. Variation of stagnation point heat flux along wall catalytic recombination coefficient under various OREX conditions.
图 6 外加磁场对流场洛伦兹力及感应电流分布的影响(FCW)
Figure 6. Lorentz force and annular electric current distribution with an external magnetic field applied (FCW).
图 7 外加磁场对流场振动焦耳热源项分布的影响(FCW)
Figure 7. Vibrational joule heat energy source term distribution with an external magnetic field applied (FCW).
图 8 全催化壁面外加磁场对流场温度分布的影响
Figure 8. Temperature contour distribution under fully catalytic wall conditions with an external magnetic field applied.
图 9 不同壁面催化条件、磁场条件对驻点线温度分布的影响 (a) 平动温度; (b) 振动温度
Figure 9. Temperature distribution along stagnation point line under different wall catalytic conditions with an external magnetic field applied: (a) Translational temperature; (b) vibrational temperature.
图 10 不同磁场强度作用下组元质量分数分布云图(FCW)
Figure 10. Species contour structure under different imposed magnetic field strengths(FCW).
图 11 不同磁场强度作用下驻点线组元质量分数分布(FCW)
Figure 11. Mass fraction of the species along stagnation point line under different imposed magnetic field strengths (FCW).
图 12 不同磁场强度作用下驻点线组元质量分数分布(PCW, γ = 7.7×10–3)
Figure 12. Mass fraction of the species along stagnation point line under different imposed magnetic field strengths (PCW, γ = 7.7×10–3)
图 13 不同壁面催化条件下MHD流场压力分布轮廓图
Figure 13. MHD flow field pressure profiles under different wall catalytic conditions.
图 14 不同壁面催化条件下驻点总热流密度随磁场强度的变化情况 (a) 总热流; (b) 传导热流; (c) 扩散热流
Figure 14. Variation of heat flux at stagnation point along magnetic field strength under different wall catalysis conditions: (a) Total heat flux; (b) conductive heat flux; (c) diffusion heat flux.
表 1 高温空气里主要发生的反应类型及正逆反应控制温度[24]
Table 1. Main types of reactions in high temperature air and control temperature of forward and reverse reactions[24].
反应类型 反应表达式 控制温度 离解反应 $ {\text{AB}} + {\text{M}} \rightleftarrows {\text{A}} + {\text{B}} + {\text{M}} $ $ 正向: {T}_{\text{f}} = {T}^{\alpha }{T}_{v}^{1-\alpha };\text{ }逆向: {T}_{\text{b}} = T $ 交换反应 $ \begin{gathered} {\text{AB}} + {\text{C}} \rightleftarrows {\text{A}} + {\text{BC}} \\ {\text{A}}{{\text{B}}^ + } + {\text{C}} \rightleftarrows {{\text{A}}^ + } + {\text{BC}} \\ \end{gathered} $ $ 正向: {T}_{\text{f}} = T;\text{ }逆向: {T}_{\text{b}} = T $ 一般电离反应 $ \begin{gathered} {\text{A}} + {\text{B}} \rightleftarrows {\text{A}}{{\text{B}}^ + } + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } \\ {\text{AB}} + {\text{M}} \rightleftarrows {\text{A}}{{\text{B}}^ + } + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } + {\text{M}} \\ {{\text{A}}_2} + {{\text{B}}_2} \rightleftarrows {\text{A}}{{\text{B}}^ + } + {\text{AB}} + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } \\ \end{gathered} $ $ 正向: {T}_{\text{f}} = T;\text{ }逆向: {T}_{\text{b}} = {T}_{v} $ 电子碰撞电离反应 $ {\text{A}} + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } \rightleftarrows {{\text{A}}^ + } + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } $ $ 正向: {T}_{{\mathrm{f}}} = {T}_{v};\text{ }逆向: {T}_{\text{b}} = {T}_{v} $ 
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表 2 高焓球头实验流场参数
Table 2. Flow field parameters of high enthalpy ball head experiment.
参数 符号 值 速度/(km·s–1) ${V_\infty }$ 7.99 来流温度/K T∞ 345 总焓/(MJ·kg–1) ${H_0}$ 32 来流密度/(kg·m–3) ρ∞ 1.77×10–4
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算例 飞行时间 H/km ${\rho _\infty }$/(kg·m–3) Ma ${T_\infty }$/K C1 7441.5 71.73 6.489 e-5 23.89 214.98 C2 7451.5 67.66 1.143 e-4 22.22 225.99 C3 7461.5 63.60 1.960 e-4 20.09 237.14 C4 7471.5 59.60 3.255 e-4 17.55 248.12 C5 7481.5 55.74 5.203 e-4 14.71 258.74 C6 7491.5 51.99 8.065 e-4 11.80 268.20 C7 7501.5 48.40 1.253 e-3 9.06 270.65
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表 4 OREX飞行器计算网格
Table 4. Computational grid for OREX vehicle.
网格 $\Delta n$/(10–6 m) $R{e_{\Delta n, \infty }}$ Case_M1 252.00 20 Case_M2 126.00 10 Case_M3 50.00 4 Case_M4 25.00 2 Case_M5 7.20 0.6 Case_M6 3.60 0.3
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表 5 OREX各工况与实验数据拟合得到的驻点有效催化复合系数
Table 5. Effective recombination coefficient at stagnation point in accordance with experimental data under various OREX conditions.
工况 H /km 驻点热流实验结果${Q_{{\text{w}}, \exp }}/({\text{MW}} \cdot {{\text{M}}^{ - 2}})$ 实验数据
拟合有效
催化系数
γ/10–3C1 71.73 0.354 7.7 C2 67.66 0.401 6.3 C3 63.60 0.410 5.5 C4 59.60 0.369 4.2 C5 55.74 0.275 5.5 C6 51.99 0.179 9.6 C7 48.40 0.093 36.0
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