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Active mass injection serves as an effective thermal protection technique by significantly reducing wall heat flux. However, it inherently alters boundary layer stability characteristics, leading to substantial impacts on the laminar-to-turbulent transition process. Crucially, the underlying mechanisms governing how different injected gases modulate flow stability remain unclear. To systematically analyze the effects of different gas injections on flow stability, this study investigates gas-specific mass injection effects by employing a multicomponent Navier-Stokes solver to compute flow fields with air, argon, and nitrogen injections. The influence of mass injection on flow stability was analyzed using linear stability theory, with subsequent differentiation of the distinct effects attributable to various injectant properties. The study demonstrates that mass injection displaces the freestream gas, forming an injection layer near the wall and consequently increasing the boundary layer thickness. Herein, the main boundary layer retains properties similar to the original boundary layer, while the injection layer exhibits significantly reduced temperature and velocity gradients, resulting in decreased wall heat flux and skin friction. Linear stability analysis reveals that while mass injection excites multiple higher-order instability modes, the second mode remains dominant. Notably, mass injection reduces the unstable region of the second mode and significantly decreases the integrated disturbance amplitude, thereby suppressing transition. This stabilizing effect is more pronounced with lighter gases. The differences in injected gas properties are mainly reflected in the viscosity coefficient, thermal conductivity, relative molecular weight, and diffusivity. Among these, the boundary layer thickness is primarily affected by the viscosity coefficient, relative molecular weight, and diffusivity of the injected gas, while the temperature within the boundary layer decreases with increasing thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of the injected gas. The influence of injected gas properties on flow stability manifests through two distinct pathways: (1) modification of the base flow profile, and (2) alteration of mixed gas properties. Specifically, the transport coefficients (viscosity and diffusivity) of the injected gas primarily affect instability characteristics through Pathway 1, while the specific heat capacity mainly operates via Pathway 2. The relative molecular weight exerts combined effects through both pathways.
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Keywords:
- Mass Injection /
- Linear Stability Theory /
- Hypersonic Boundary Layer
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