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Charge transfer processes in ion-matter interactions are crucial for ion beam-driven high-energy density physics, materials irradiation damage and charge state stripping in accelerator techniques. Here we generated carbon ion beams with energies in the MeV energy range through TNSA (target normal sheath acceleration) mechanism, and measured the average charge state of 1.5 ~ 4.5 MeV carbon ion beams passing through porous C9H16O8 foam with 2 mg/cm3 volume density. The measured average charge states are compared with various semi-empirical formula and rate equation-predicted equilibrated average charge state. The results show that the rate equation predictions fully considering the ionization, capture, excitation, and de-excitation processes are in good agreement with experiment. The rate equation prediction using gas target cross-section data underestimated the experimental data, because the target density effects caused by the solid fiber filaments in foam-structured target increases the ionization probability through frequent collisions and decrease the electron capture probability, which leads to an enhancement of ion charge states. In the projectile energy range above 3 MeV, the experimental data agree with rate equation predictions employing solid-target cross-section data. However, a significant deviation emerges in the energy region below 3 MeV due to the fact that in this energy regime, the lifetime of ion excited states is shorter than the collisional time scale. In this case, excited electrons have time to de-excite to the ground state before the second collision occurs. Consequently, the target density effects are weakened, and the charge states was reduced. The experimental results agree well with predictions from the ETACHA code, which considers excitation and de-excitation processes in detail. This work provides data and references to better understand the ion-matter interactions and to discriminate the various charge exchange models.
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Keywords:
- Laser acceleration /
- Carbon ion beam /
- Charge transfer /
- Target density effects
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