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By studying the breakdown performance of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) under low pressure via molecular dynamics simulations, and verifying the simulation results through low-pressure breakdown experiments, the insulation failure mechanism of ETFE materials under low pressure can be revealed on an atomic scale. First, molecular dynamics simulations are performed on ETFE. As the flight altitude gradually increases from 0 km to 24 km, the simulated pressure decreases from 101.300 kPa to 2.951 kPa. Correspondingly, the intermolecular distance increases by 9.692%, the interchain interaction energy decreases by 8.383%, the free volume fraction of ETFE increases by 65.000%, and the density of ETFE decreases by 7.737%. Subsequently, based on the electromechanical breakdown theory, it is deduced that the breakdown field strength of ETFE decreases by 17.626%. Finally, the low-pressure breakdown experiment shows that the breakdown field strength decreases by 40.078%, and the density measurement test indicates that the density decreases by 1.574%. Both simulation and experimental results confirm that the breakdown field strength of ETFE decreases with the reduction of pressure. This is because under low-pressure conditions, the increase in free volume fraction and the decrease in air density provide a longer mean free path for free electrons; the decrease in Young’s modulus leads to greater deformation under the same voltage, resulting in a higher applied field strength; the decrease in charge trap level weakens the charge trapping capability, leading to a higher concentration of free electrons. All these factors contribute to the reduction of the breakdown field strength of ETFE. This study provides performance prediction and failure mechanism analysis for the application of ETFE in aerospace and high-altitude extreme environments, and has guiding significance for the optimal design of aerospace insulation ETFE materials.
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Keywords:
- ETFE /
- low atmospheric pressure /
- molecular dynamics /
- breakdown field strength
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图 1 ETFE不同飞行高度下的性能研究
Figure 1. Performance study of ETFE at different flight altitudes.
图 2 ETFE模型 (a) ETFE单体模型; (b) 分子链模型; (c) ETFE聚合物模型
Figure 2. ETFE model: (a) ETFE monomer model; (b) molecular chain model; (c) ETFE polymer model.
图 3 ETFE分子动力学模拟的温度变化曲线
Figure 3. Temperature variation curve of ETFE molecular dynamics simulation.
图 4 ETFE分子动力学模拟的能量变化曲线
Figure 4. Energy variation curves of ETFE molecular dynamics simulation.
图 5 ETFE分子动力学模拟的密度变化曲线
Figure 5. Density variation curve of ETFE molecular dynamics simulation.
图 6 不同飞行高度下ETFE分子动力学模拟平衡状态模型 (a) 0 km; (b) 7 km; (c) 10 km; (d) 14 km; (e) 17 km; (f) 24 km
Figure 6. Equilibrium state model of ETFE molecular dynamics simulation at different flight altitudes: (a) 0 km; (b) 7 km; (c) 10 km; (d) 14 km; (e) 17 km; (f) 24 km.
图 7 在ETFE中通过标记不同链H和F测量分子间距离
Figure 7. Intermolecular distances are measured in ETFE by labeling different chains H and F.
图 8 ETFE分子间距离对应的RDF图
Figure 8. RDF graph corresponding to intermolecular distance of ETFE.
图 9 ETFE的分子间相互作用能随飞行高度的变化
Figure 9. Variation of intermolecular interaction energy of ETFE with flight altitude.
图 10 ETFE的相对介电常数随飞行高度的变化
Figure 10. Variation of the relative dielectric constant of ETFE with flight altitude.
图 11 ETFE的自由体积分数随飞行高度的变化
Figure 11. Variation of the free volume fraction of ETFE with flight altitude.
图 12 不同飞行高度下ETFE模型的自由体积变化 (a) 飞行高度0 km; (b) 飞行高度7 km; (c) 飞行高度10 km; (d) 飞行高度14 km; (e) 飞行高度17 km; (f) 飞行高度24 km
Figure 12. Variation of free volume of ETFE model at different flight altitudes: (a) 0 km; (b) 7 km; (c) 10 km; (d) 14 km; (e) 17 km; (f) 24 km.
图 13 ETFE的密度随飞行高度的变化
Figure 13. Variation of the density of ETFE with flight altitude.
图 14 ETFE的电荷陷阱能级随飞行高度的变化
Figure 14. Variation of the charge trap energy level of ETFE with flight altitude.
图 15 不同气压下ETFE的击穿场强和杨氏模量
Figure 15. Breakdown field strength and Young’s modulus of ETFE at different air pressures.
图 16 变气压击穿实验装置接线图
Figure 16. Wiring diagram of the variable pressure breakdown experimental setup.
图 17 不同飞行高度下ETFE击穿场强的Weibull累积概率分布
Figure 17. Weibull cumulative probability distribution of ETFE breakdown field strength at different flight altitudes.
表 1 不同飞行高度对应的气压值
Table 1. Barometric pressure values at different flight altitudes.
高度/km 气压值/kPa 0 101.300 7 41.150 10 26.520 14 14.190 17 8.857 24 2.951 
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表 2 不同飞行高度下ETFE平衡状态的动能和密度的变化率
Table 2. Rate of change of kinetic energy and density of ETFE in equilibrium state under different flight altitudes.
飞行高度/km 动能变化率/% 密度变化率/% 0 3.887 3.334 7 4.623 4.054 10 3.448 4.111 14 3.030 4.225 17 3.311 4.286 24 3.367 3.497
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表 3 不同飞行高度下ETFE分子间距离
Table 3. Intermolecular distance of ETFE at different flight altitudes.
飞行高度/km 分子间距离/Å 0 5.675 7 5.775 10 5.825 14 5.975 17 6.075 24 6.225
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表 4 变气压的ETFE密度测量试验
Table 4. ETFE density measurement test of variable air pressure.
气压/kPa 密度/(g·cm–3) 101.300 1.715 41.150 1.703 26.520 1.707 14.190 1.703 8.857 1.692 2.951 1.688
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