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The development of high-performance chip-scale ion traps is crucial for the integration and scaling of ion-trap-based quantum computers. Although cryogenic environments can greatly reduce anomalous heating, operating ion traps at room temperature remains highly attractive due to its simplicity and lower cost. This work reports significant progress in coherently controlling multiple ions confined in a custom-fabricated, room-temperature surface-electrode trap, establishing a critical foundation for advanced quantum protocols such as quantum error correction and future scalable architectures. Research objectives and methods This study aims to characterize a home-built chip trap and demonstrate its capabilities for multi-ion quantum logic under ambient conditions. The trap adopts a six-wire electrode design on a high-resistivity silicon substrate, with ions trapped at a height of 154 μm. A combination of Doppler cooling, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) cooling, and resolved-sideband cooling is used to prepare the ions in their motional ground state. Coherent manipulations are performed using both a 729 nm laser (for optical qubits between the $|\text{S}_{1/2},m_j=-1/2\rangle$ and $|\text{D}_{5/2},m_j=-3/2\rangle$ states) and microwave radiation (for qubits between the $|\text{S}_{1/2},m_j=-1/2\rangle$ and $|\text{S}_{1/2},m_j=+1/2\rangle$ states). Quantum state detection is achieved via state-dependent fluorescence by using an EMCCD camera, thereby enabling site-resolved readout. Key results Low room-temperature heating rates: The trap exhibits low heating rates, measured to be 0.074(8) quanta/ms in the axial direction (at 833 kHz) and 0.237(51) quanta/ms in the radial direction (at 1.3 MHz). The spectral density of electric-field noise is on the order of $10^{-13}$ ${{\rm{V}}^2 /({\rm{m}}^{2}\cdot{\rm{Hz}}})$ at trap frequencies above 500 kHz, ranking among the best for room-temperature devices. The spectral density of electric-field noise follows an approximate $f^{-2.52(22)}$ dependence, potentially influenced by external filtering circuits. High-fidelity single-ion control A single 40Ca+ ion is cooled to an average phonon number of 0.04(2) in its axial motion. High-fidelity coherent operations are demonstrated: carrier Rabi oscillations using the 729 nm laser shows a single-pulse fidelity of approximately 98.98(8)%, while microwave-driven operations achieves a fidelity of 99.95(2)%. Ramsey interferometry with microwaves reveals a coherence time $T_2^*$ of 5.0(4) ms. Site-resolved multi-ion coherent control: The core achievement is the global coherent manipulation of ion chains containing up to 20 ions. The system is characterized by driving motional sideband transitions on various axial modes of 5- and 6-ion chains. The resulting Rabi oscillations, measured using site-resolved fluorescence, clearly show the collective dynamics and mode-dependent coupling strengths determined by the normalized mode eigenvectors. Furthermore, global carrier transitions are demonstrated on a two-dimensional (2D) zigzag crystal of 20 ions, confirming the ability to execute simultaneous operations on a large qubit array. Global control of 2D ion crystals Using 20 ions, a 2D zigzag crystal is formed and globally addressed using both laser and microwave drives. Laser-driven carrier transitions show strong decay due to multimode motional coupling, whereas microwave-driven oscillations remain nearly decay-free, consistent with the Lamb–Dicke parameter being negligible for microwave fields. Conclusion The room-temperature surface-electrode trap can support low-heating confinement, high-fidelity single- and multi-qubit operations, as well as coherent control of large ion arrays. The site-resolved observations of mode-dependent coupling highlight the potential for utilizing collective vibrational modes for selective quantum control. These results validate the trap as a robust and promising platform for medium-scale quantum information processing and quantum simulation at room temperature. Future work will focus on structural optimizations to reduce radial heating and integration with cryogenic systems to further suppress noise, ultimately advancing toward large-scale quantum computing architectures. [1] Cai M L, Liu Z D, Jiang Y, Wu Y K, Mei Q X, Zhao W D, He L, Zhang X, Zhou Z C, Duan L M 2022 Chin. Phys. Lett. 39 020502
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图 1 40Ca+相关能级示意图 (a) 40Ca+最低的几个能级; (b) 与相干操控相关的塞曼子能级
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the energy level structure of 40Ca+: (a) The lowest-lying energy levels; (b) Zeeman sublevels involved in coherent control.
图 2 表面电极离子阱的照片
Figure 2. Picture of the surface electrode ion trap.
图 3 轴向加热率曲线(a)与电场噪声密度谱曲线(b)
Figure 3. Curve of axial heating rate (a) and spectral density of the electric-field noise (b).
图 4 单离子冷却及相干操控测试 (a) 激光驱动蓝边带Rabi振荡曲线, 轴向阱频为748 kHz; (b) 激光驱动载波Rabi振荡曲线; (c) 微波操控Rabi振荡曲线; (d) 微波操控Ramsey干涉测量曲线
Figure 4. Single-ion cooling and coherent manipulation characterization: (a) Laser-driven blue motional sideband Rabi oscillations at an axial trap frequency of 748 kHz; (b) laser-driven carrier Rabi oscillations; (c) microwave-driven Rabi oscillations; (d) microwave-driven Ramsey interference.
图 5 离子可分辨的多离子蓝边带Rabi振荡曲线(实验数据由点表示, 理论曲线由线条表示, 离子序号按照从左到右的顺序标记为1—5(6). 实验误差棒表示估计的投影测量不确定度) (a) 5个离子第2个轴向模式的蓝边带振荡曲线, 模式频率约691 kHz, 失谐为0; (b) 5个离子第3个轴向模式的蓝边带振荡曲线, 模式频率约962 kHz, 失谐为$ 0.2 \varOmega_{0, 1} $; (c) 5个离子第5个轴向模式的蓝边带振荡曲线, 模式频率约1219 kHz, 失谐为$ 0.08 \varOmega_{0, 1} $; (d) 6个离子第6个轴向模式的蓝边带振荡曲线, 模式频率约1464 kHz, 失谐为$ 0.06 \varOmega_{0, 1} $
Figure 5. Site-resolved blue-sideband Rabi oscillations for multiple ions: (a) Blue-sideband oscillations on the 2nd axial mode of a 5-ion chain. The mode frequency is about 691 kHz and detuning is 0. (b) Blue-sideband oscillations on the 3rd axial mode of a 5-ion chain. The mode frequency is about 962 kHz and detuning is $ 0.2 \varOmega_{0, 1} $. (c) Blue-sideband oscillations on the 5th axial mode of a 5-ion chain. The mode frequency is about 1219 kHz and detuning is $ 0.08 \varOmega_{0, 1} $. (d) Blue-sideband oscillations on the 6th axial mode of a 6-ion chain. The mode frequency is about 1464 kHz and detuning is $ 0.06 \varOmega_{0, 1} $. Experimental data are represented by points, with theoretical curves shown as lines. Ions are labeled 1 to 5 (6) from left to right. Error bars indicate the estimated projection measurement uncertainty.
图 6 离子可分辨的载波Rabi振荡曲线
Figure 6. Site-resolved carrier Rabi oscillations.
图 7 多离子Rabi振荡的集体荧光计数曲线 (a) 5离子载波Rabi振荡集体荧光曲线; (b) 5(6)离子蓝边带Rabi振荡的集体荧光曲线
Figure 7. Collective fluorescence measurement of multi-ion Rabi oscillations: (a) Collective fluorescence signal of the carrier transition for a 5-ion chain; (b) collective fluorescence signal of the blue-sideband transition for 5- or 6-ion chains.
图 8 20个离子全局相干操控 (a) 20个离子形成二维之字形排列的照片; (b) 激光驱动的$ |\text{S}_{1/2}, m_j = -1/2\rangle $到$ |\text{D}_{5/2}, $$ m_j = +1/2\rangle $的载波跃迁Rabi振荡曲线; (c) 微波驱动的$ |\text{S}_{1/2}, m_j = -1/2\rangle $到$ |\text{S}_{1/2}, m_j = +1/2\rangle $的载波跃迁Rabi振荡曲线
Figure 8. Global coherent manipulation of 20 ions: (a) Fluorescence image of 20 ions crystallized into a two-dimensional zigzag configuration; (b) laser-driven carrier transition Rabi oscillations between $ |\text{S}_{1/2}, m_j = -1/2\rangle $ and $ |\text{D}_{5/2}, $$ m_j = +1/2\rangle $; (c) microwave-driven carrier transition Rabi oscillations between $ |\text{S}_{1/2}, m_j = -1/2\rangle $ and $ |\text{S}_{1/2}, m_j = +1/2\rangle $.
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[1] Cai M L, Liu Z D, Jiang Y, Wu Y K, Mei Q X, Zhao W D, He L, Zhang X, Zhou Z C, Duan L M 2022 Chin. Phys. Lett. 39 020502
Google Scholar
[2] Cui T H, Li J, Yuan Q, Wei Y Q, Dai S Q, Li P D, Zhou F, Zhang J Q, Chen L, Feng M 2023 Chin. Phys. Lett. 40 080501
Google Scholar
[3] Zhao X, Bian J, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang M, Lin Y 2025 Chin. Phys. Lett. 42 110601
Google Scholar
[4] 吴宇恺, 段路明 2023 物理学报 72 230302
Google Scholar
Wu Y K, Duan L M 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 230302
Google Scholar
[5] Guo S A, Wu Y K, Ye J, Zhang L, Lian W Q, Yao R, Wang Y, Yan R Y, Yi Y J, Xu Y L, Li B W, Hou Y H, Xu Y Z, Guo W X, Zhang C, Qi B X, Zhou Z C, He L, Duan L M 2024 Nature 630 613
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[6] Zhang J, Chow B T, Ejtemaee S, Haljan P C 2023 npj Quantum Inf. 9 68
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[7] Cheng Z J, Wu Y K, Li S J, Mei Q X, Li B W, Wang G X, Jiang Y, Qi B X, Zhou Z C, Hou P Y, Duan L M 2024 Sci. Adv. 10 eadr9527
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[8] Cai M L, Liu Z D, Zhao W D, Wu Y K, Mei Q X, Jiang Y, He L, Zhang X, Zhou Z C, Duan L M 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 1126
Google Scholar
[9] Zhang J, Pagano G, Hess P W, Kyprianidis A, Becker P, Kaplan H, Gorshkov A V, Gong Z X, Monroe C 2017 Nature 551 601
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[10] Iqbal M, Tantivasadakarn N, Gatterman T M, Gerber J A, Gilmore K, Gresh D, Hankin A, Hewitt N, Horst C V, Matheny M, Mengle T, Neyenhuis B, Vishwanath A, Foss-Feig M, Verresen R, Dreyer H 2024 Commun. Phys. 7 205
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[11] Chertkov E, Cheng Z, Potter A C, Gopalakrishnan S, Gatterman T M, Gerber J A, Gilmore K, Gresh D, Hall A, Hankin A, Matheny M, Mengle T, Hayes D, Neyenhuis B, Stutz R, Foss-Feig M 2023 Nat. Phys. 19 1799
Google Scholar
[12] Pearson C E, Leibrandt D R, Bakr W S, Mallard W J, Brown K R, Chuang I L 2006 Phys. Rev. A 73 032307
Google Scholar
[13] Seidelin S, Chiaverini J, Reichle R, Bollinger J J, Leibfried D, Britton J, Wesenberg J H, Blakestad R B, Epstein R J, Hume D B, Itano W M, Jost J D, Langer C, Ozeri R, Shiga N, Wineland D J 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 253003
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[14] Qin Q, Chen T, Zhang X, Ou B, Zhang J, Wu C, Xie Y, Wu W, Chen P 2025 Chip 4 100126
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[15] 王晨旭, 贺冉, 李睿睿, 陈炎, 房鼎, 崔金明, 黄运锋, 李传锋, 郭光灿 2022 物理学报 71 133701
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Wang C X, He R, Li R R, Chen Y, Fang D, Cui J M, Huang Y F, Li C F, Guo G C 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 133701
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[16] 陈婷, 谢艺, 张杰, 欧保全, 秦青青, 张鑫方, 王弘扬, 陶毅, 熊凯莉, 樊钢, 欧阳仪, 陈岩, 吴伟, 陈平形 2025 光学学报 45 2027004
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Chen T, Xie Y, Zhang J, Ou B Q, Qin Q Q, Zhang X F, Wang H Y, Tao Y, Xiong K L, Fan G, Ouyang Y, Chen Y, Wu W, Chen P X 2025 Acta Optica Sin. 45 2027004
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[17] Kwon J, Setzer W J, Gehl M, Karl N, Van Der Wall J, Law R, Blain M G, Stick D, McGuinness H J 2024 Nat. Commun. 15 3709
Google Scholar
[18] Weber M A, Gely M F, Hanley R K, Harty T P, Leu A D, Löschnauer C M, Nadlinger D P, Lucas D M 2024 Phys. Rev. A 110 L010601
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[19] Todaro S L, Verma V B, McCormick K C, Allcock D T C, Mirin R P, Wineland D J, Nam S W, Wilson A C, Leibfried D, Slichter D H 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 010501
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[20] Moses S A, Baldwin C H, Allman M S, Ancona R, Ascarrunz L, Barnes C, Bartolotta J, Bjork B, Blanchard P, Bohn M, Bohnet J G, Brown N C, Burdick N Q, Burton W C, Campbell S L, Campora J P, Carron C, Chambers J, Chan J W, Chen Y H, Chernoguzov A, Chertkov E, Colina J, Curtis J P, Daniel R, DeCross M, Deen D, Delaney C, Dreiling J M, Ertsgaard C T, Esposito J, Estey B, Fabrikant M, Figgatt C, Foltz C, Foss-Feig M, Francois D, Gaebler J P, Gatterman T M, Gilbreth C N, Giles J, Glynn E, Hall A, Hankin A M, Hansen A, Hayes D, Higashi B, Hoffman I M, Horning B, Hout J J, Jacobs R, Johansen J, Jones L, Karcz J, Klein T, Lauria P, Lee P, Liefer D, Lu S T, Lucchetti D, Lytle C, Malm A, Matheny M, Mathewson B, Mayer K, Miller D B, Mills M, Neyenhuis B, Nugent L, Olson S, Parks J, Price G N, Price Z, Pugh M, Ransford A, Reed A P, Roman C, Rowe M, Ryan-Anderson C, Sanders S, Sedlacek J, Shevchuk P, Siegfried P, Skripka T, Spaun B, Sprenkle R T, Stutz R P, Swallows M, Tobey R I, Tran A, Tran T, Vogt E, Volin C, Walker J, Zolot A M, Pino J M 2023 Phys. Rev. X 13 041052
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[21] Ruster T, Warschburger C, Kaufmann H, Schmiegelow C T, Walther A, Hettrich M, Pfister A, Kaushal V, Schmidt-Kaler F, Poschinger U G 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 033410
Google Scholar
[22] Hilder J, Pijn D, Onishchenko O, Stahl A, Orth M, Lekitsch B, Rodriguez-Blanco A, Müller M, Schmidt-Kaler F, Poschinger U G 2022 Phys. Rev. X 12 011032
Google Scholar
[23] Palmero M, Martínez-Garaot S, Poschinger U G, Ruschhaupt A, Muga J G 2015 New J. Phys. 17 093031
Google Scholar
[24] James D F V 1998 Appl. Phys. B 66 181
Google Scholar
[25] Tao Y, Chen T, Wang H, Zhang J, Zhang T, Xie Y, Chen P, Wu W 2024 Phys. Rev. A 109 062434
Google Scholar
[26] 张见, 陈书明, 刘威 2014 物理学报 63 060303
Google Scholar
Zhang J, Chen S M, Liu W 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 060303
Google Scholar
[27] Lauprêtre T, Achi B, Groult L, Carry É, Kersalé Y, Delehaye M, Hafiz M A, Lacroûte C 2023 Appl. Phys. B 129 37
Google Scholar
[28] Zhang J, Zhang M C, Xie Y, Wu C W, Ou B Q, Chen T, Bao W S, Haljan P, Wu W, Zhang S, Chen P X 2022 Phys. Rev. Appl. 18 014022
Google Scholar
[29] Turchette Q A, Kielpinski, King B E, Leibfried D, Meekhof D M, Myatt C J, Rowe M A, Sackett C A, Wood C S, Itano W M, Monroe C, Wineland D J 2000 Phys. Rev. A 61 063418
Google Scholar
[30] Chiaverini J, Sage J M 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 012318
Google Scholar
[31] Chen W, Gan J, Zhang J N, Matuskevich D, Kim K 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 060311
Google Scholar
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