双振荡场产生正负电子对的理论研究

李传可; 林南省; 周鲜鲜; 江淼; 李英骏

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20230432

摘要

在强电磁场下真空产生正负电子对的研究中, 多场的组合扮演重要的角色. 本文运用计算量子场论方法在全时空数值求解狄拉克方程, 研究了两个空间分离的局域化振荡电场击穿真空产生正负电子对的过程. 结果表明通过选取合适的场参数, 两场的相互作用可以显著增强正负电子对的产生. 两场的相互作用使产生正负电子对的动量分布曲线出现了周期性的振荡, 并导致了非对称的多光子跃迁过程. 通过含时微扰理论分析得出, 正负电子对的动量分布的周期性振荡可由电场宽度、电场频率和两场间距共同决定. 两场间距能够改变正负电子对动量分布的变化周期, 随着两场间距的增大, 产生正负电子对的动量(能量)的单一性得到优化; 电场宽度不仅影响正负电子对动量分布的峰谷高度差, 还会改变其在动量空间峰值的展宽; 根据能量守恒定律, 电场频率的增大使得产生粒子对的动量随之变大. 因此, 通过选择合适电场参数可以抑制或加强特定动量分布的正负电子对, 这为今后的实验设计提供了重要的理论指导.

关键词:

Abstract

We investigate an important aspect of electron-positron pair creation from vacuum in the presence of a strong background field, where the combined field plays a key role in the pair creation process. By utilizing computational quantum field theory, we explore electron-positron pair creation induced by double-located oscillating electric fields by numerically solving the Dirac equation in full spacetime dimensions. We demonstrate theoretically that computational quantum field theory is equivalent to the first-order time-dependent perturbation theory for single-photon transition pair creation in a spatially inhomogeneous and time-dependent electric field, and verify their equivalence through numerical simulations of pair creation in double-located oscillating fields. We show some interesting results about the periodic oscillation of the momentum spectrum structure of the created particle and the asymmetric multi-photon pair creation process due to the interference between two fields. By using first-order time-dependent perturbation theory, we find that the periodic oscillation in the momentum distribution of the created particle is affected by the field width, the field frequency and the distance between two fields. The period of the oscillation of momentum spectrum structure is changed by the distance between two fields, while the field width has an influence on both the difference between the peak and valley of the momentum spectra and the width of the momentum space available to the created particle. Increasing the frequency of the electric field results in larger momentum for the created particle pairs, while correspondingly reducing the coupling matrix element $ \langle p|V|n \rangle $ and diminishing the probability of electron-positron pair creation.The interference between two fields significantly enhances the yield of pair numbers for small distances between two fields. When the distance is too large, the number of pairs created by double oscillating fields is twice that created by a single field, and the enhancement is vanished. When the distance between two fields increases, the period of oscillation decreases. In turn, the creation of electron-positron pairs can become more monochromatic in momentum (energy), while the number of pairs created remains almost constant. As the electric field broadens, the yield of the created pairs decreases for constant potential height. Increasing the field width will reduce the number of particles for each momentum and narrow the momentum space of the created particle. Increasing the field frequency leads to the reduction of the coupling matrix element $ \langle p|V|n \rangle $ and subsequently reduces the total number of electron-positron pairs created. The field profile parameters such as frequency, width, and distance between two fields can be utilized to select a specific momentum (energy) of particles in future electron-positron pair creation experiments.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
中国矿业大学(北京), 隧道工程灾变防控与智能建养全国重点实验室, 北京　100083

2.
中国矿业大学(北京)理学院, 北京　100083

3.
安徽财经大学管理科学与工程学院, 蚌埠　233030

通信作者: 林南省, phy.nslin@gmail.com ; 李英骏, lyj@aphy.iphy.ac.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11974419, 11605286, 12204001)和国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2018YFA0404802)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory for Tunnel Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China

2.
School of Science, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China

3.
School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu 233030, China

Corresponding author: Lin Nan-Sheng, phy.nslin@gmail.com ; Li Ying-Jun, lyj@aphy.iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11974419, 11605286, 12204001) and the National Key R&D Program of China (Grants No. 2018YFA0404802).

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Xie B S, Li Z L, Tang S 2017 Matter Radiat. Extremes 2 225 Google Scholar
[2]	Fedotov A, Ilderton A, Karbstein F, King B, Seipt D, Taya H, Torgrimsson G 2023 Phys. Rep. 1010 1 Google Scholar
[3]	Sauter F 1931 Z. Physik 69 742 Google Scholar
[4]	Heisenberg W, Euler H 1936 Z. Physik 98 714 Google Scholar
[5]	Schwinger J 1951 Phys. Rev. 82 664 Google Scholar
[6]	Brezin E, Itzykson C 1970 Phys. Rev. D 2 1191 Google Scholar
[7]	Kim S P, Page D N 2002 Phys. Rev. D 65 105002 Google Scholar
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[10]	Abdukerim N, Li Z L, Xie B S 2013 Phys. Lett. B 726 820 Google Scholar
[11]	Li Z L, Lu D, Xie B S, Fu L B, Liu J, Shen B F 2014 Phys. Rev. D 89 093011 Google Scholar
[12]	Kohlfürst C, Gies H, Alkofer R 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 050402 Google Scholar
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[29]	Su D D, Li Y T, Lü Q Z, Zhang J 2020 Phys. Rev. D 101 054501 Google Scholar
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[34]	Dumlu C K 2009 Phys. Rev. D 79 065027 Google Scholar
[35]	Li Z L, Xie B S, Li Y J 2019 Phys. Rev. D 100 076018 Google Scholar
[36]	Li Z L, Gong C, Li Y J 2021 Phys. Rev. D 103 116018 Google Scholar
[37]	Yoon J W, Kim Y G, Choi I W, Sung J H, Lee H W, Lee S K, Nam C H 2021 Optica 8 630 Google Scholar
[38]	ELI BEAMLINES FACILITY, http://www.extreme-light-infrastructure.eu/
[39]	Burke D L, Field R C, Smith G H, Spencer J E, Walz D, Berridge S C, Bugg W M, Shmakov K, Weidemann A W, Bula C, McDonald K T, Prebys E J, Bamber C, Boege S J, Koffas T, Kotseroglou T, Melissinos A C, Meyerhofer D D, Reis D A, Ragg W 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 1626 Google Scholar
[40]	Pike O, Mackenroth F, Hill E, Rose S J 2014 Nat. Photon. 8 434 Google Scholar
[41]	Blackburn T G, Marklund M 2018 Plasma Phys. Contr. F. 60 054009 Google Scholar
[42]	Yu J Q, Lu H Y, Takahashi T, Hu R H, Gong Z, Ma W J, Huang Y S, Chen C E, Yan X Q 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 014802 Google Scholar
[43]	Golub A, Chávez S V, Ruhl H, Müller C 2021 Phys. Rev. D 103 016009 Google Scholar
[44]	MacLeod A J, Hadjisolomou P, Jeong T M, Bulanov S V 2023 Phys. Rev. A 107 012215 Google Scholar
[45]	Narozhny N B, Bulanov S S, Mur V D, Popov V S 2004 Phys. Lett. A 330 1
[46]	Dunne G V, Gies H, Schüzhold R 2009 Phys. Rev. D 80 111301 Google Scholar
[47]	Bulanov S S, Mur V D, Narozhny N B, Nees J, Popov V S 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 220404 Google Scholar
[48]	Aleksandrov I A, Plunien G, Shabaev V M 2017 Phys. Rev. D 96 076006 Google Scholar
[49]	Jiang M, Grobe R, Su Q C 2023 Phys. Rev. A 108 022813 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 正负电子对数量随时间的变化, 实线和虚线分别表示计算量子场论的结果和一阶含时微扰理论的结果, 蓝色线表示双振荡场产生的粒子对数量, 黑色线表示单振荡场产生的粒子对数量, 红色点线表示单振荡场产生的粒子对数量的2倍, 其中V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², W₁= W₂ = 3/c, d = 8/c, ω = 2.5c², T = 2π/ω

Fig. 1. Time evolution of the electron-positron pairs, the results calculated by the computational quantum field theory and the first-order time-dependent perturbation theory are represented by the solid line and the dashed line, respectively. The electron-positron pairs created by double oscillating filed is represented by blue line, the electron-positron pairs created by single oscillating field is represented by black line, and the twice of the pairs created by single oscillating field is represented by the red dotted line. Here, V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², W₁ = W₂ = 3/c, d = 8/c, ω = 2.5c², T = 2π/ω.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 正负电子对的动量分布, 实线和虚线分别表示计算量子场论的数值结果和一阶含时微扰理论的结果. 其中V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², W₁ = W₂ = 3/c, d = 8/c, ω = 2.5c², t = 20T = 40π/ω

Fig. 2. Momentum spectra of the created electron-positron pairs, the results calculated by CQFT and the first-order time-dependent perturbation theory are represented by the solid line and the dashed line, respectively. Here, V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², W₁ = W₂ = 3/c, d = 8/c, ω = 2.5c², t = 20T = 40π/ω.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 不同场间距d下正负电子对数量随时间的变化, 实线和虚线分别表示计算量子场论的结果和一阶含时微扰理论的结果. 其中V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², W₁ = W₂ = 3/c, ω = 2.5c², T = 2π/ω

Fig. 3. Time evolution of the created electron-positron pairs for different distances between the two fields (d), the results calculated by CQFT and the first-order time-dependent perturbation theory are represented by the solid line and the dashed line, respectively. Here, V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², W₁ = W₂ = 3/c, ω = 2.5c², T = 2π/ω.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 不同场间距d下正负电子对产生的动量分布, 实线和虚线分别表示计算量子场论的结果和一阶含时微扰理论的结果. 其中V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², W₁ = W₂ = 3/c, ω = 2.5c², t = 20T = 40π/ω

Fig. 4. Momentum spectra of the electron-positron pairs for different distances between the two fields (d), the results calculated by CQFT and the first-order time-dependent perturbation theory are represented by the solid line and the dashed line, respectively. Here, V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², W₁ = W₂ = 3/c, ω = 2.5c², t = 20T = 40π/ω.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 不同电场宽度W下正负电子对数量随时间的变化, 实线和虚线分别表示计算量子场论的结果和一阶含时微扰理论的结果. 其中V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², d = 14/c, ω = 2.5c², T = 2π/ω

Fig. 5. Time evolution of the created electron-positron pairs for different widths of electric field (W), the electron-positron pairs calculated by CQFT and first-order time-dependent perturbation theory are represented by the solid line and the dashed line, respectively. Here, V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², d = 14/c, ω = 2.5c², T = 2π/ω.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 不同电场宽度(W)下正负电子对的动量分布, 实线和虚线分别表示计算量子场论的结果和一阶含时微扰理论的结果. 其中V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², d = 14/c, ω = 2.5c², t = 20T = 40π/ω

Fig. 6. Momentum spectra of the created electron-positron pairs for different widths of electric field (W), the results calculated by CQFT and the first-order time-dependent perturbation theory are represented by the solid line and the dashed line, respectively. Here, V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², d = 14/c, ω = 2.5c², t = 20T = 40π/ω.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 正负电子对数量随时间的变化, 实线和虚线分别表示计算量子场论的结果和一阶含时微扰理论的结果. 这里, V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², W₁ = W₂ = 3/c, d = 8/c, T = 2π/ω

Fig. 7. Time evolution of the electron-positron pairs, the results calculated by the computational quantum field theory and the first-order time-dependent perturbation theory are represented by the solid line and the dashed line, respectively. Here, V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², W₁ = W₂ = 3/c, d = 8/c, T = 2π/ω.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 不同电场频率下正负电子对的动量分布, 实线和虚线分别表示计算量子场论的结果和一阶含时微扰理论的结果. 其中V₁= V₂ = 0.75c², W₁ = W₂ = 3/c, d = 8/c, T = 2π/ω

Fig. 8. Momentum spectra of the created electron-positron pairs for different frequencies of electric field. The results calculated by the computational quantum field theory and the first-order time-dependent perturbation theory are represented by the solid line and the dashed line, respectively. Here, V₁ = V₂ = 0.75c², W₁ = W₂ = 3/c, d = 8/c, T = 2π/ω.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 计算量子场论与一阶含时微扰理论的动量峰值强度误差

Table 1. Error of momentum peaks probability with the CQFT and the first-order time-dependent perturbation theory.

峰值强度	峰值位置/arb.units
峰值强度	53.4(–53.4)	103.7(–103.7)	138.2(–138.2)
计算量子场论	0.0024	0.0270	0.0030
含时微扰理论	0.0025	0.0290	0.0031
相对误差/%	4.17	7.41	3.33

下载: 导出CSV

表 A1 计算量子场论与一阶含时微扰理论的产生粒子对数量的平均相对误差

Table A1. Mean relative error of the particle number created by the CQFT and the first-order time-dependent perturbation theory.

电场频率 (c²)	平均相对误差/%	电场宽度 (c^–1)	平均相对误差/%	电场势高 (c²)	平均相对误差/%
1.6	6.04	0.5	12.54	0.5	5.32
1.7	674	0.6	11.52	0.6	5.79
1.8	8.76	0.7	10.56	0.7	6.33
1.9	18.11	0.8	9.71	0.8	6.96
2.0	27.41	0.9	8.95	0.9	7.68
2.1	19.24	1.0	8.30	1.0	8.48
2.2	11.29	1.1	7.76	1.1	9.36
2.3	8.07	1.2	7.31	1.2	10.33
2.4	6.97	1.3	6.94	1.3	11.38
2.5	6.64	1.4	6.66	1.4	12.51

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	Xie B S, Li Z L, Tang S 2017 Matter Radiat. Extremes 2 225 Google Scholar
[2]	Fedotov A, Ilderton A, Karbstein F, King B, Seipt D, Taya H, Torgrimsson G 2023 Phys. Rep. 1010 1 Google Scholar
[3]	Sauter F 1931 Z. Physik 69 742 Google Scholar
[4]	Heisenberg W, Euler H 1936 Z. Physik 98 714 Google Scholar
[5]	Schwinger J 1951 Phys. Rev. 82 664 Google Scholar
[6]	Brezin E, Itzykson C 1970 Phys. Rev. D 2 1191 Google Scholar
[7]	Kim S P, Page D N 2002 Phys. Rev. D 65 105002 Google Scholar
[8]	Schützhold R, Gies H, Dunne G V 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 130404 Google Scholar
[9]	Schneider C, Torgrimsson G, Schützhold R 2018 Phys. Rev. D 98 085009 Google Scholar
[10]	Abdukerim N, Li Z L, Xie B S 2013 Phys. Lett. B 726 820 Google Scholar
[11]	Li Z L, Lu D, Xie B S, Fu L B, Liu J, Shen B F 2014 Phys. Rev. D 89 093011 Google Scholar
[12]	Kohlfürst C, Gies H, Alkofer R 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 050402 Google Scholar
[13]	Gong C, Li Z L, Xie B S, Li Y J 2020 Phys. Rev. D 101 016008 Google Scholar
[14]	Hebenstreit F, Alkofer R, Gies H 2010 Phys. Rev. D 82 105026 Google Scholar
[15]	Hebenstreit F, Alkofer R, Gies H 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 180403 Google Scholar
[16]	Li Z L, Lu D, Xie B S 2015 Phys. Rev. D 92 085001 Google Scholar
[17]	Li Z L, Li Y J, Xie B S 2017 Phys. Rev. D 96 076010 Google Scholar
[18]	Kohlfürst C, Alkofer R 2018 Phys. Rev. D 97 036026 Google Scholar
[19]	Kohlfürst C 2019 Phys. Rev. D 99 096017 Google Scholar
[20]	Cheng T, Su Q C, Grobe R 2010 Contemp. Phys. 51 315 Google Scholar
[21]	Jiang M, Su W, Lu X, Sheng Z M, Li Y T, Li Y J, Zhang J, Grobe R, Su Q C 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 053402 Google Scholar
[22]	Su Q C, Su W, Lü Q Z, Jiang M, Lu X, Sheng Z M, Grobe R 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 253202 Google Scholar
[23]	Jiang M, Lü Q Z, Sheng Z M, Grobe R, Su Q C 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 042503 Google Scholar
[24]	Lü Q Z, Li Y J, Grobe R, Su Q C 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 033403 Google Scholar
[25]	林南省, 韩禄雪, 江淼, 李英骏 2018 物理学报 67 133401 Google Scholar Lin N S, Han L X, Jiang M, Li Y J 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 133401 Google Scholar
[26]	Lü Q Z, Su Q C, Grobe R 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 183606 Google Scholar
[27]	Su Q C, Grobe R 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 023603 Google Scholar
[28]	Zhou X X, Li C K, Jiang M, Lin N S, Li Y J 2019 EPL 128 10001 Google Scholar
[29]	Su D D, Li Y T, Lü Q Z, Zhang J 2020 Phys. Rev. D 101 054501 Google Scholar
[30]	Gong C, Li Z L, Li Y J, Xie B S 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 063405 Google Scholar
[31]	Zhou X X, Li C K, Lin N S, Li Y J 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 012229 Google Scholar
[32]	Su D D, Li Y T, Su Q C, Grobe R 2021 Phys. Rev. D 103 074513 Google Scholar
[33]	Li C K, Su D D, Li Y J, Su Q C, Grobe R 2023 EPL 141 55001 Google Scholar
[34]	Dumlu C K 2009 Phys. Rev. D 79 065027 Google Scholar
[35]	Li Z L, Xie B S, Li Y J 2019 Phys. Rev. D 100 076018 Google Scholar
[36]	Li Z L, Gong C, Li Y J 2021 Phys. Rev. D 103 116018 Google Scholar
[37]	Yoon J W, Kim Y G, Choi I W, Sung J H, Lee H W, Lee S K, Nam C H 2021 Optica 8 630 Google Scholar
[38]	ELI BEAMLINES FACILITY, http://www.extreme-light-infrastructure.eu/
[39]	Burke D L, Field R C, Smith G H, Spencer J E, Walz D, Berridge S C, Bugg W M, Shmakov K, Weidemann A W, Bula C, McDonald K T, Prebys E J, Bamber C, Boege S J, Koffas T, Kotseroglou T, Melissinos A C, Meyerhofer D D, Reis D A, Ragg W 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 1626 Google Scholar
[40]	Pike O, Mackenroth F, Hill E, Rose S J 2014 Nat. Photon. 8 434 Google Scholar
[41]	Blackburn T G, Marklund M 2018 Plasma Phys. Contr. F. 60 054009 Google Scholar
[42]	Yu J Q, Lu H Y, Takahashi T, Hu R H, Gong Z, Ma W J, Huang Y S, Chen C E, Yan X Q 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 014802 Google Scholar
[43]	Golub A, Chávez S V, Ruhl H, Müller C 2021 Phys. Rev. D 103 016009 Google Scholar
[44]	MacLeod A J, Hadjisolomou P, Jeong T M, Bulanov S V 2023 Phys. Rev. A 107 012215 Google Scholar
[45]	Narozhny N B, Bulanov S S, Mur V D, Popov V S 2004 Phys. Lett. A 330 1
[46]	Dunne G V, Gies H, Schüzhold R 2009 Phys. Rev. D 80 111301 Google Scholar
[47]	Bulanov S S, Mur V D, Narozhny N B, Nees J, Popov V S 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 220404 Google Scholar
[48]	Aleksandrov I A, Plunien G, Shabaev V M 2017 Phys. Rev. D 96 076006 Google Scholar
[49]	Jiang M, Grobe R, Su Q C 2023 Phys. Rev. A 108 022813 Google Scholar

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