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非晶合金的原子排列没有长程周期性，呈现出非晶态的结构特征。其特殊的结构特征导致非晶合金的研究方法不同于传统的金属晶体材料，主要集中在两个尺度：一类在宏观尺度下通过合金设计、热力学参数等手段研究玻璃形成能力以及力学行为等；另一类在原子尺度下通过计算模拟及衍射等手段研究非晶合金的中短程序等。两类方法的尺度相差了7个以上的数量级，很难直接建立两者之间的定量关系，亟需一个可以在介观尺度下将原子构型与宏观性能关联起来的结构特征。随着非晶结构表征技术的发展，非晶合金被发现在中短程序之上还存在纳、微米级别的空间非均匀性，其尺度介于宏观尺度和原子尺度之间。本文将首先阐述非晶合金的中短程序及其局限性；而后，介绍空间非均匀性的实验表征方法，并重点介绍电子显微表征方法以及局部原子构型，讨论其作为非晶态结构特征与β弛豫行为、力学行为、热力学稳定性以及玻璃形成能力等宏观性能的内禀关联。空间非均匀性作为非晶合金在介观尺度下的结构特征，可成为关联非晶合金的原子中短程序与宏观性能的纽带。The atomic arrangement of metallic glasses lacks long-range periodicity, displaying structural characteristics of an amorphous state. Their unique structural features lead to research methods that differ from traditional metallic crystalline materials, focusing mainly on two scales: one class at the macroscopic scale investigating glass-forming ability and mechanical behavior through alloy design, thermodynamic parameters, and other means; the other class at the atomic scale studying medium- to short-range orders of metallic glass through computational simulations and diffraction techniques. There is over a seven-order magnitude difference between the scales of these two methods, making it difficult to establish a direct quantitative relationship between the two, necessitating a structural feature that can connect atomic configurations with macroscopic properties at a mesoscopic scale. With the advancement of characterization techniques for amorphous structures, metallic glasses have been found to exhibit nanoscale and microscale spatial heterogeneity above medium- and short-range orders, with their scale falling between macroscopic and atomic scales. This article will introduce experimental characterization methods for spatial heterogeneity, focus on the electron microscopic characterization methods of spatial heterogeneity and local atomic orders, and discuss their intrinsic correlations with macroscopic properties such as β-relaxation behavior, mechanical behavior, thermodynamic stability, and glass-forming ability. As a structural feature of metallic glasses at the mesoscopic scale, spatial heterogeneity can serve as a link connecting the atomic medium- to short-range orders with macroscopic properties.
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Keywords:
- metallic glass /
- glass structure /
- glass property /
- spatial heterogeneity
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