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里德伯原子会敏感地响应外部电场作用并发生量子相干效应, 这是基于里德伯原子测量精确电场的基本原理. 本文首先采用双光子三能级系统生成铯里德伯原子并形成电磁诱导透明(electromagnetically induced transparency, EIT)效应, 以EIT-Stark光谱为宏观表征, 通过实验分别探讨了不同强度的直流电场和交流电场对里德伯原子Stark效应的调控作用, 揭示了强场测量受限的原因. 本文以电力系统工频强电场测量为目标, 提出了直流场调控扩大交流电场测量范围的方案, 建立了交直流电场共同作用于里德伯原子的动力学模型, 推导出解调后的直流和交流电场分量表达式. 在激光器扫频范围1 GHz的条件下, 施加8 V/cm的直流调控场, 采用28D3/2里德伯态可测到交流电场峰值可到32 V/cm, 较直接测量方法提升了33.3%; 设置不同强度的直流调控场进行实验, 解调后得到的交流场误差在0.8%以下. 本研究为基于里德伯原子的强场测量提供了一种有效的解决方案.The Stark effect in Rydberg atoms exhibits remarkable sensitivity to external electric fields, thus forming the fundamental basis for precision electric field measurements. This study systematically and comprehensively investigates the regulatory effects of DC and AC electric fields on cesium Rydberg atoms, both experimentally and theoretically. Utilizing a two-photon three-level system, we generate 28D5/2 Rydberg states and establish electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) as the macroscopic observable. Our experimental results demonstrate distinct Stark splitting patterns under DC fields, revealing three fine-structure states each with polarization-dependent frequency shift,they being the negative polarizability states (mj = 1/2, 3/2) exhibiting rightward shifts, and the positive polarizability state (mj = 5/2) showing leftward displacement. For power-frequency AC fields (50 Hz), we observe characteristic double-frequency modulation of the EIT-Stark spectra, with measurement limitations emerging at field strengths above 24 V/cm due to laser scanning range constraints. To overcome this limitation, we develop an innovative DC field regulated measurement scheme, establishing a dynamic model for the combined AC/DC field interaction with Rydberg atoms. The model successfully derives demodulation expressions for extracting both DC and AC field components from the composite spectral shifts. Experimental validation shows that applying an 8 V/cm DC bias field can extend the measurable AC field range to 32 V/cm, achieving a 33.3% improvement over direct measurement methods within a 1 GHz laser scanning range, while maintaining exceptional accuracy with demodulation errors below 0.8% across all tested configurations. The detailed error analysis reveals that the measurement precision improves with the increase of field strength, with a standard deviation of σ = 0.2196%, demonstrating the robustness of our approach. Compared with existing techniques, this DC-field regulation method effectively addresses the critical challenge of limited laser scanning range in strong-field measurements, while preserving the quantum advantages of Rydberg atom sensors. The research provides both theoretical foundations and practical solutions for measuring power-frequency strong electric fields in power systems, with potential applications extending to other low-frequency strong-field measurement scenarios. Future work will focus on enhancing measurement stability in extreme field conditions, improving accuracy, and further expanding the operational range of this quantum sensing technology.
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Keywords:
- Rydberg atom /
- Stark effect /
- EIT effect /
- power-frequency strong field measurements
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图 1 里德伯原子电场量子传感器的实验装置示意图 (a) 铯里德伯原子三能级结构和跃迁过程示意图; (b) 实验装置的布局示意图
Fig. 1. Experimental setup of a Rydberg atom electric field quantum sensor: (a) Schematic diagram of the three-level structure and transition process of a cesium Rydberg atom; (b) experimental apparatus layout diagram.
图 3 不同电场作用下的各里德伯态光谱频移量ΔStark随时间变化轨迹 (a)—(d) 不同工频交流场强作用的结果; (e)—(i) 直流调控不同工频交流场强作用的结果
Fig. 3. Trajectories of the spectral frequency shifts ΔStark of each Rydberg state with time under the action of different electric fields: (a)–(d) The results of the action of different industrial frequency AC field strengths; (e)–(i) the results of the action of different industrial frequency AC field strengths of DC modulation
图 4 28D5/2(mj = 1/2)里德伯态在不同交直流调制电场下, EIT-Stark光谱频移量随ωt的变化 (a) EDC = 4 V/cm, EAC = 28 V/cm; (b) EDC = 6 V/cm, EAC = 28 V/cm; (c) EDC = 8 V/cm, EAC = 28 V/cm
Fig. 4. Relationship between the frequency shift of the EIT-Stark spectral spectrum with ωt in the 28D5/2(mj = 1/2) Rydberg state under different AC/DC electric fields: (a) EDC = 4 V/cm, EAC = 28 V/cm; (b) EDC = 6 V/cm, EAC = 28 V/cm; (c) EDC = 8 V/cm, EAC = 28 V/cm
图 5 不同直流场调控下交流场强测量值及准确性分析
Fig. 5. Measured values and accuracy analysis of AC field strength under different DC field controls.
表 1 28D5/2精细能级态极化率α (MHz·cm2/V2)
Table 1. Polarizability of 28D5/2 fine energy states α (MHz·cm2/V2).
mj 理论计算结果 实验拟合结果 1/2 –16.34966 –16.17472 3/2 –11.81798 –11.51648 5/2 1.22474 1.09556 
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