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针对目前水下微弱信号探测对水听器高灵敏度的需求, 提出一种声学黑洞结构形式的高灵敏度水听器. 从几何声学出发, 将声学黑洞中弯曲波汇聚特性类比为水声学中声线弯曲, 提出一种波聚集特性简化理论. 基于该特性设计了一种二维声学黑洞水听器, 通过在弯曲式水听器中引入二维声学黑洞结构, 实现振动聚集, 进而提升水听器的高灵敏度性能. 通过结构控制变量, 对比分析4种厚度形式板, 验证了声学黑洞板在1.7—5.8 kHz频段内提高水听器接收灵敏度的显著优势. 分析了声学黑洞结构水听器接收灵敏度起伏较大的原因, 并进一步设计了声学黑洞与单端开口Helmholtz液腔耦合水听器, 将前两阶声学黑洞弯曲振动模态与液腔模态耦合实现宽带接收特性. 制作了两种水听器样机并在消声水池中进行测试. 结果表明, 二维声学黑洞水听器通过弯曲振动聚集效应可有效提高水听器接收灵敏度, 并与液腔结构通过多模态耦合形成宽带, 在2.6—5.3 kHz频段内灵敏度最高可达–169 dB, 起伏控制在8 dB以内.Acoustic black hole (ABH) structures are renowned for their unique wave-focusing ability and have been widely utilized in the fields of acoustics and vibration. Based on this property, a novel high-sensitivity hydrophone design incorporating a two-dimensional (2D) ABH structure is proposed in this work. According to the principles of geometrical acoustics, the wave-converging behavior of bending waves in ABH structures is compared to the bending of acoustic ray in underwater acoustics. A simplified theoretical model describing the relationship between the bending wave trajectory and the wave speed gradient in polar coordinates is established for two-dimensional (2D) ABH configurations and verified through numerical simulations. Based on this mechanism, a 2D ABH hydrophone is developed by integrating the ABH structure into bending-plate hydrophone, enabling vibration energy concentration and significantly enhancing sensitivity. The comparative studies of hydrophones using uniform-thickness plates and linearly tapered thickness plates as receiving surfaces confirm the superior performance of the ABH hydrophone in a frequency range of 1.7–5.8 kHz. To address the significant undulations observed in the sensitivity response, which is attributed to vibration superposition, a liquid cavity of specific length is introduced. This leads to the development of an ABH-Helmholtz-coupled hydrophone (ABHH hydrophone), wherein the first two bending modes of the ABH structure are coupled with the resonant modes of a single-ended open liquid cavity, resulting in broadband reception capability. The prototypes of both hydrophone designs are fabricated and experimentally tested in an anechoic water tank. The results show that both devices achieve peak receiving sensitivities exceeding –169 dB. Notably, the ABHH hydrophone maintains sensitivity fluctuations within 8 dB in a frequency band of 2.6–5.3 kHz. This study confirms that 2D ABH structures can effectively improve hydrophone sensitivity through bending wave convergence, and can achieve broadband acoustic detection when the structure is coupled with liquid cavity resonators. These findings lay a solid foundation for the application of ABH structures in the design of underwater acoustic transducer.
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Keywords:
- hydrophone /
- two-dimensional acoustic black hole /
- high sensitivity /
- modal coupling
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图 1 (a) 厚度呈幂律形式变化的梁横截面; (b) 二维ABH结构
Fig. 1. (a) Cross-section of a beam with power-law thickness variation; (b) 2D ABH structure.
图 2 极坐标系中弯曲波轨迹微元几何关系
Fig. 2. Geometric relationship of an infinitesimal element along the bending wave trajectory in the polar coordinate system.
图 3 (a) 嵌入二维ABH凹坑的薄板; (b) 正弦激励信号
Fig. 3. (a) Thin plate embedded with a 2D ABH pit; (b) sinusoidal excitation signal.
图 4 1—7 ms时刻两种板的位移响应 (a)均匀板; (b) 嵌入二维ABH凹坑的薄板
Fig. 4. Displacement responses of two types of plates at 1–7 ms: (a) Uniform plate; (b) thin plate embedded with a 2D ABH pit.
图 5 (a) 二维ABH水听器结构剖面图; (b) ABH板的一维截面
Fig. 5. (a) Cross-sectional view of the 2D ABH hydrophone structure; (b) one-dimensional profile of the ABH plate.
图 6 ABH水听器的有限元模型 (a) 整体图; (b) 局部图
Fig. 6. Finite element model of the ABH hydrophone: (a) General view; (b) enlarged view.
图 7 4种厚度板的一维截面 (a) 均匀厚度$ {h_1} $; (b) 均匀厚度$ {h_2} $; (c) 线性变厚度; (d) ABH
Fig. 7. One-dimensional profiles of plates with four thickness types: (a) Uniform thickness $ {h_1} $; (b) uniform thickness $ {h_2} $; (c) linear thickness variation; (d) ABH.
图 8 4种厚度形式的板作为声波接收面的水听器接收电压灵敏度级曲线
Fig. 8. Receiving voltage sensitivity level curves for hydrophones with plates of four thickness types as the acoustic wave receiving surface.
图 9 4种厚度形式的板作为声波接收面的水听器接收指向性 (a) 2.95 kHz; (b) 5.25 kHz
Fig. 9. Receiving directivity of hydrophones with plates of four thickness types as the acoustic wave receiving surface: (a) 2.95 kHz; (b) 5.25 kHz.
图 10 ABH水听器位移场和稳态声压场的整体图和局部放大图 (a) 2.95 kHz; (b) 5.25 kHz
Fig. 10. General and enlarged views of displacement fields and steady-state sound pressure fields for the ABH hydrophone: (a) 2.95 kHz; (b) 5.25 kHz.
图 12 (a) 面激励等效为无数个同心圆周上线激励叠加; (b) 圆周上线激励近似为无数个线段上线激励叠加
Fig. 12. (a) Equivalence of a surface excitation to the superposition of an infinite number of line excitations on concentric circumferences; (b) approximation of a line excitation on a circumference as the superposition of an infinite number of line excitations on line segments.
图 13 不同位置不同频率激励信号下的位移响应 (a) 圆周1处施加5.86 kHz信号激励; (b) 圆周2处施加5.86 kHz信号激励; (c) 圆周1和2处共同施加5.86 kHz信号激励; (d) 圆周1处施加6.53 kHz信号激励; (e) 圆周2处施加6.53 kHz信号激励; (f) 圆周1和2处共同施加6.53 kHz信号激励
Fig. 13. Displacement responses under excitation at different positions and frequencies: (a) Excitation on circumference 1 with a 5.86 kHz signal; (b) excitation on circumference 2 with a 5.86 kHz signal; (c) simultaneous excitation on circumferences 1 and 2 with a 5.86 kHz signal; (d) excitation on circumference 1 with a 6.53 kHz signal; (e) excitation on circumference 2 with a 6.53 kHz signal; (f) simultaneous excitation on circumferences 1 and 2 with a 6.53 kHz signal.
图 15 ABH水听器和ABHH水听器仿真接收电压灵敏度级曲线对比
Fig. 15. Comparison of simulated receiving voltage sensitivity level curves between the ABH hydrophone and the ABHH hydrophone.
图 16 ABHH水听器改变液腔腔体长度接收电压灵敏度级曲线对比
Fig. 16. Comparison of receiving voltage sensitivity level curves for the ABHH hydrophone with variation in the liquid cavity length.
图 18 ABHH水听器位移场和稳态声压场的整体图和局部放大图 (a) 2.75 kHz; (b) 3.85 kHz; (c) 5.3 kHz
Fig. 18. General and enlarged views of displacement fields and steady-state sound pressure fields for the ABHH hydrophone: (a) 2.75 kHz; (b) 3.85 kHz; (c) 5.3 kHz.
图 20 水听器零件及水密灌封后样机 (a) 水听器金属零件; (b) PZT-5 A压电陶瓷; (c) ABH水听器样机; (d) ABHH水听器样机
Fig. 20. Hydrophone components and prototypes after waterproof potting: (a) Metal components; (b) PZT-5 A piezoelectric ceramic; (c) ABH hydrophone prototype; (d) ABHH hydrophone prototype.
图 21 (a) 水听器接收灵敏度和指向性的实验测量装置; (b) ABH水听器入水姿态; (c) ABHH水听器入水姿态
Fig. 21. (a) Experimental setup for measuring hydrophone receiving sensitivity using the comparative method; (b) immersion posture of the ABH hydrophone; (c) immersion posture of the ABHH hydrophone.
图 22 ABH水听器和ABHH水听器实测接收电压灵敏度级曲线
Fig. 22. Measured receiving voltage sensitivity level curves for the ABH hydrophone and ABHH hydrophone.
图 23 ABH水听器和ABHH水听器实测指向性图
Fig. 23. Measured directivity patterns of the ABH hydrophone and ABHH hydrophone.
表 1 4种厚度形式的板作为声波接收面的水听器性能对比
Table 1. Performance comparison of hydrophones with plates of four thickness types as the acoustic wave receiving surface.
水听器接收面模型 接收灵敏度/dB 指向性–3 dB开角/(°) 最大值 最大起伏 2.95 kHz 5.25 kHz 均匀板$ h = {h_1} $ –178.7 21.35 121.6 91.8 均匀板$ h = {h_2} $ –176.3 33.2 144.8 139.2 线性变厚度板 –180.6 23.1 153.7 116.6 ABH板 –167.3 20.7 156.0 99.0 
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表 2 ABH水听器的仿真与实测性能对比
Table 2. Comparison of simulated and measured performance for the ABH hydrophone.
模态
阶数仿真 实测 频率
/kHz灵敏度
/dB–3 dB开
角/(°)频率
/kHz灵敏度
/dB–3 dB开
角/(°)1阶 2.95 –167.3 156 2.9 –168.8 120 2阶 5.25 –168.5 99 5.0 –168.6 85
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表 3 ABHH水听器的仿真与实测性能对比
Table 3. Comparison of simulated and measured performance for the ABHH hydrophone.
模态
阶数仿真 实测 频率
/kHz灵敏度
/dB–3 dB开
角/(°)频率
/kHz灵敏度
/dB–3 dB开
角/(°)1阶 2.75 –167.0 160 2.8 –170.4 135 2阶 3.85 –168.4 96 3.6 –173.9 95 3阶 5.30 –167.8 64 5.0 –169.0 69
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