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针对目前水下微弱信号探测对水听器高灵敏度的需求，提出一种声学黑洞结构形式的高灵敏度水听器。从几何声学出发，将声学黑洞中弯曲波汇聚特性类比为水声学中声线弯曲，提出一种波聚集特性简化理论。基于该特性设计了一种二维声学黑洞水听器，通过在弯曲式水听器中引入二维声学黑洞结构，实现振动聚集，进而提升水听器的高灵敏度性能。通过结构控制变量，对比分析四种厚度形式板，验证了声学黑洞板在1.7-5.8kHz频段内提高水听器接收灵敏度的显著优势。分析了声学黑洞结构水听器接收灵敏度起伏较大的原因，并进一步设计了声学黑洞与单端开口Helmholtz液腔耦合水听器，将前两阶声学黑洞弯曲振动模态与液腔模态耦合实现宽带接收特性。制作了两种水听器样机并在消声水池中进行了测试。测试结果表明：二维声学黑洞水听器通过弯曲振动聚集效应可有效提高水听器接收灵敏度，并与液腔结构通过多模态耦合形成宽带，在2.6kHz到5.3kHz频段内灵敏度最高可达-169dB，起伏控制在8dB以内。Acoustic black hole (ABH) structures, known for their unique wave-focusing capabilities, have found wide application in the fields of acoustics and vibration. Leveraging this property, this study proposes a novel high-sensitivity hydrophone design incorporating a two-dimensional (2D) ABH structure. Drawing on principles of geometrical acoustics, the wave-converging behavior of bending waves in ABH structures is analogized to acoustic ray bending in underwater acoustics. A simplified theoretical model describing the relationship between the bending wave trajectory and the wave speed gradient in polar coordinates is established for 2D ABH configurations and verified through numerical simulations. Based on this mechanism, a 2D ABH hydrophone is developed by integrating the ABH structure into bending-plate hydrophone, enabling vibration energy concentration and significantly enhancing sensitivity. Comparative studies with hydrophones using uniform-thickness plates and linearly tapered thickness plates as receiving surfaces confirm the superior performance of the ABH hydrophone in the 1.7–5.8 kHz frequency range. To address the pronounced undulations observed in the sensitivity response—attributed to vibration superposition—a liquid cavity of specific length is introduced. This leads to the development of an ABH-Helmholtz-coupled hydrophone (ABHH hydrophone), wherein the first two bending modes of the ABH structure are coupled with the resonant modes of a single-ended open liquid cavity, resulting in broadband reception capability. Prototypes of both hydrophone designs were fabricated and experimentally tested in an anechoic water tank. Results show that both devices achieve peak receiving sensitivities exceeding –169 dB. Notably, the ABHH hydrophone maintains sensitivity fluctuations within 8 dB across the 2.6–5.3 kHz frequency band. This study confirms that 2D ABH structures can effectively enhance hydrophone sensitivity via bending wave convergence and, when coupled with liquid cavity resonators, enable broadband acoustic detection. These findings establish a solid foundation for the application of ABH structures in underwater acoustic transducer design.
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Keywords:
- hydrophone /
- two-dimensional acoustic black hole /
- high sensitivity /
- modal coupling
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