聚乙烯陷阱特性对真空直流沿面闪络性能的影响

聂永杰; 赵现平; 李盛涛

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190741

摘要

本文在低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)中添加成核剂酚酞, 研究半结晶聚合物的结晶行为、显微结构、陷阱参数以及真空直流沿面闪络性能之间的关联. 显微红外测试结果表明, 酚酞存在于LDPE基体中. 扫描电镜及差式扫描量热测试结果表明, 酚酞掺杂明显改变了LDPE的结晶行为及显微结构, 增加了结晶度及片晶厚度, 减小了球晶尺寸, 并使球晶分布更加均匀. 热刺激电流结果表明, 酚酞掺杂在低密度聚乙烯中引入了更多的深陷阱, 随酚酞浓度增加, α陷阱深度从0.81 eV增加到0.99 eV, γ陷阱深度从0.19 eV增加到0.65 eV. 分析LDPE结晶行为与陷阱参数之间的关系表明, LDPE的陷阱深度随球晶尺寸减小而增大, 陷阱密度随结晶度增大而减小. 酚酞改性后试样的真空沿面闪络电压整体有所提升, 最高提升了48.42%. 分析陷阱深度及陷阱密度与闪络电压之间的“U”型关系表明, 陷阱深度及陷阱密度在影响闪络性能过程中起着相互协调、配合及转化的作用.

关键词:

Abstract

Surface flashover is the primary limitation to the development of power system and the increase of voltage level. Previous work has proved that the trap can greatly influence flashover performances, but the relationship between trap parameters and surface flashover voltage is not clear. In the paper, we study the effects of crystallization behavior, microstructure, and trap parameters on DC surface flashover performance of semi-crystallinity polymer through adding phenolphthalein which is regarded as nucleating agent in low density polyethylene (LDPE). Micro-IR spectroscopy result proves that phenolphthalein exactly exists in LDPE/phenolphthalein composite. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are used to investigate the effect of nucleating agent (phenolphthalein) on crystallinity behavior and microstructure of LDPE, and their results indicate that the phenolphthalein modification greatly changes the crystallization behavior of LDPE. The SEM results show that the spherulite size of LDPE decreases and is distributed more uniformly with the increase of phenolphthalein concentration. The DSC results show that the crystallinity and lamella thickness increase. Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) is used to characterize the trap parameters of LDPE/phenolphthalein composites. The TSDC results indicate that the shallow trap level (γ peak) increases from 0.19 eV to 0.65 eV and the deep trap (α peak) increases from 0.81 eV to 0.99 eV with the increase of phenolphthalein concentration. Relationship between microstructure and trap parameters shows that the smaller spherulite size indicates the deeper trap level (for LDPE, the trap level increases from 0.81 eV to 0.99 eV when the spherulite size decreases from 23.2 μm to 14.9 μm), and larger crystallinity means smaller trap density (for LDPE, the trap density decreases from 1404 pC to 612 pC when the crystallinity increases from 34.51% to 43.25%). The DC surface flashover performance increases with the increase of phenolphthalein concentration, and reaches a highest value: when the concentration is 1 wt%, the highest value is increased by 48.42%. Finally, it is concluded that the microstructure of semi-crystallinity polymerinfluences the trap parameters, which affects the surface flashover performance through affecting the carrier transport process in the development process of surface flashover. The trap level and trap density play complementary, cooperation and mutual transformation roles in improving the surface flashover performances as indicated by the analysis of the " U-shaped” relationship between trap parameters and flashover voltage.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院, 昆明　650217

2.
西安交通大学电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室, 西安　710049

通信作者: 聂永杰, nieyongjie@stu.xjtu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重点项目(批准号: 51337008)和中国博士后科学基金(批准号: 43 XB3801 XB)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

1.
Electric Power Research Institute, Yunnan Power Gird Co., Ltd., Kunming 650217, China

2.
State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Corresponding author: Nie Yong-Jie, nieyongjie@stu.xjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51337008), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 43 XB3801 XB)

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Anderson R A, Brainard J P 1980 J. Appl. Phys. 51 1414 Google Scholar
[2]	Blaise G, Gressus C L 1991 J. Appl. Phys. 69 6334 Google Scholar
[3]	Miller H C 2015 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 22 3641 Google Scholar
[4]	Shao T, Kong F, Lin H F, Ma YY, Xie Q, Zhang C 2018 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 25 1267 Google Scholar
[5]	Yang X, Zeng L L, Tang X, Song M 2017 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 24 3452 Google Scholar
[6]	Li C Y, H J, Lin C J, Zhang B Y, Zhang G X, He J L 2017 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 065301 Google Scholar
[7]	Li C Y, H J, Lin C J, He J L 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 03657-1
[8]	李盛涛, 黄奇峰, 孙健, 张拓, 李建英 2010 物理学报 59 422 Google Scholar Li S T, Huang Q F, Sun J, Zhang T, Li J Y 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 422 Google Scholar
[9]	Yu S H, Li S T, Wang S H, Huang Y, Nazir T M, Phung B T 2018 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 25 1567 Google Scholar
[10]	董烨, 董志伟, 周前红, 杨温渊, 周海京 2014 物理学报 63 067901 Google Scholar Dong Y, Dong Z W, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Zhou H J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 067901 Google Scholar
[11]	Shao T, Yang W J, Zhang C, Niu Z, Yan P, Schamiloglu E 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 071607 Google Scholar
[12]	Huang Y, Min D M, Li S T, Li Z, Xie D R, Wang X 2017 Appl. Surf. Sci. 406 39 Google Scholar
[13]	Zhao W, Xu R, Ren C Y, Wang J, Yan P 2018 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 46 3450 Google Scholar
[14]	Cheng Y H, Wang Z B, Wu K 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 68 Google Scholar
[15]	Li S T, Li Z, Niu H, Fréchette M, Wang W W, Huang Y 2018 IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag. 12 6
[16]	Zhao W B, Zhang G J, Yang Y, Yan Z 2007 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 14 170 Google Scholar
[17]	Jin L, Du B X, Xing Y Q, Jin J X 2016 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 26 1
[18]	Li C R, Ding L J, Lü Z J, Tu Y P 2006 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 13 79 Google Scholar
[19]	Chen Y, Chen Y H, Wu K, Nelson J K 2009 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 37 195 Google Scholar
[20]	Li S T, Nie Y J, Wang W W, Yang L Q, Min D M 2016 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 23 3215 Google Scholar
[21]	Kitis G, Pagonis V, Tzamarias S E 2017 Ra. Meas. 100 27 Google Scholar
[22]	Mizutani T, Suzuoki Y, Ieda M 1977 J. Appl. Phys. 48 2408 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 热刺激电流测试过程

Fig. 1. TSDC testing process.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 LDPE及LDPE-5显微红外　(a) LDPE显微红外; (b) LDPE-5显微红外

Fig. 2. Micro-IR spectroscopy of LDPE and LDPE-5 specimens: (a) LDPE; (b) LDPE-5.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 酚酞改性试样的SEM图片

Fig. 3. SEM images of phenolphthalein modified LDPE specimens.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 酚酞改性试样的DSC曲线

Fig. 4. DSC curves of phenolphthalein modified LDPE specimens.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 酚酞掺杂对LDPE结晶行为的影响

Fig. 5. Influence of phenolphthalein modification on crystallization behavior of LDPE.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 TSDC曲线

Fig. 6. TSDC curves of specimens.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 LDPE球晶尺寸与陷阱深度之间的关系

Fig. 7. Relationship between spherulite size and trap level of LDPE.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 LDPE结晶度与陷阱电荷量(陷阱密度)之间的关系

Fig. 8. Relationship between crystallinity and trap density of LDPE.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 陷阱参数与真空沿面闪络电压之间的关系　(a)陷阱深度、陷阱密度与闪络电压的关系; (b)陷阱对直流闪络电压的影响

Fig. 9. Relationship between trap parameters and surface flashover performance: (a) Trap depth, trap density and surface flashover voltage; (b) trap and surface flashover voltage.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 酚酞掺杂试样的DSC熔融温度、结晶度、片晶厚度、球晶尺寸

Table 1. DSC parameters, crystallinity, lamella thickness, spherulite size.

试样	LDPE	LDPE-0.03	LDPE-0.1	LDPE-0.4	LDPE-1	LDPE-5
T_m/℃	112.7	112.9	112.8	113.1	112.4	112.1
ΔH/J·g^–1	111.96	117.72	115.61	124.26	113.92	99.16
X_c/%	38.97	40.97	40.24	43.25	39.65	34.51
L/nm	6.17	6.22	6.20	6.26	6.11	6.05
球晶尺寸/μm	23.2	21.6	18.0	16.6	14.9	14.0

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 试样的真空直流沿面闪络电压

Table 2. DC surface flashover voltage in vacuum of specimens.

试样	LDPE	LDPE-0.03	LDPE-0.1	LDPE-0.4	LDPE-1	LDPE-5
直流闪络电压/kV	30.17	31.33	36.70	41.67	46.50	43.60

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 酚酞改性LDPE试样的陷阱参数

Table 3. Trap parameters of phenolphthalein modified LDPE specimens.

试样	α 陷阱		β 陷阱		γ 陷阱		Q_总/pC
试样	深度/eV	Q_α/pC	深度/eV	Q_β/pC	深度/eV	Q_γ/pC	Q_总/pC
纯LDPE	0.81	900	0.50	396	—	—	1296
LDPE-0.03	0.79	408	0.39	492	—	—	900
LDPE-0.1	0.86	768	0.51	672	0.19	21	1461
LDPE-0.4	0.92	165	0.41	396	0.22	51	612
LDPE-1	0.99	324	0.55	432	0.28	136	892
LDPE-5	0.68	348	—	—	0.65	1056	1404

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	Anderson R A, Brainard J P 1980 J. Appl. Phys. 51 1414 Google Scholar
[2]	Blaise G, Gressus C L 1991 J. Appl. Phys. 69 6334 Google Scholar
[3]	Miller H C 2015 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 22 3641 Google Scholar
[4]	Shao T, Kong F, Lin H F, Ma YY, Xie Q, Zhang C 2018 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 25 1267 Google Scholar
[5]	Yang X, Zeng L L, Tang X, Song M 2017 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 24 3452 Google Scholar
[6]	Li C Y, H J, Lin C J, Zhang B Y, Zhang G X, He J L 2017 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 065301 Google Scholar
[7]	Li C Y, H J, Lin C J, He J L 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 03657-1
[8]	李盛涛, 黄奇峰, 孙健, 张拓, 李建英 2010 物理学报 59 422 Google Scholar Li S T, Huang Q F, Sun J, Zhang T, Li J Y 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 422 Google Scholar
[9]	Yu S H, Li S T, Wang S H, Huang Y, Nazir T M, Phung B T 2018 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 25 1567 Google Scholar
[10]	董烨, 董志伟, 周前红, 杨温渊, 周海京 2014 物理学报 63 067901 Google Scholar Dong Y, Dong Z W, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Zhou H J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 067901 Google Scholar
[11]	Shao T, Yang W J, Zhang C, Niu Z, Yan P, Schamiloglu E 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 071607 Google Scholar
[12]	Huang Y, Min D M, Li S T, Li Z, Xie D R, Wang X 2017 Appl. Surf. Sci. 406 39 Google Scholar
[13]	Zhao W, Xu R, Ren C Y, Wang J, Yan P 2018 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 46 3450 Google Scholar
[14]	Cheng Y H, Wang Z B, Wu K 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 68 Google Scholar
[15]	Li S T, Li Z, Niu H, Fréchette M, Wang W W, Huang Y 2018 IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag. 12 6
[16]	Zhao W B, Zhang G J, Yang Y, Yan Z 2007 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 14 170 Google Scholar
[17]	Jin L, Du B X, Xing Y Q, Jin J X 2016 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 26 1
[18]	Li C R, Ding L J, Lü Z J, Tu Y P 2006 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 13 79 Google Scholar
[19]	Chen Y, Chen Y H, Wu K, Nelson J K 2009 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 37 195 Google Scholar
[20]	Li S T, Nie Y J, Wang W W, Yang L Q, Min D M 2016 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. 23 3215 Google Scholar
[21]	Kitis G, Pagonis V, Tzamarias S E 2017 Ra. Meas. 100 27 Google Scholar
[22]	Mizutani T, Suzuoki Y, Ieda M 1977 J. Appl. Phys. 48 2408 Google Scholar

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