量子微波制备方法与实验研究进展

苗强; 李响; 吴德伟; 罗均文; 魏天丽; 朱浩男

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20191981

摘要

量子微波信号既保留了经典微波信号的空间远距离传播能力, 又具有非经典的量子特性, 为微波频段量子通信、量子导航及量子雷达等基于大尺度动态空间环境无线传输的量子信息技术提供了可资利用的重要信号源. 按照腔量子电动力学系统、超导电路量子电动力学系统和腔–光(电)–力学系统三大类型实验平台, 归纳、分析了微波单光子、纠缠微波光子以及压缩微波场和纠缠微波场的产生原理、方法和相关典型实验的进展, 并探讨了非经典微波场在量子导航等自由空间传输系统应用中需重点解决的若干关键问题.

关键词:

Abstract

Based on the characteristics of superposition, entanglement, non-locality and non-clonality of quantum mechanics, quantum information science can break through the physical limits of classical information and open up a new information processing function different from classical electromagnetic application methods. Due to the advantages of high-energy single photon in practical applications, the research and application of optical quantum information technology dominates the development of current quantum information technology. However, the free-space transmission of light waves is greatly affected by weather conditions and atmospheric particles. Comparing with other wave bands, classical microwave signal shows good penetration ability when transmitting in free space. By introducing quantum mechanics, microwave signal also exhibits non-classical merits. As quantum microwave signal inherits both classical transmission performance and quantum non-classical features, it can be utilized as a significant signal source for diverse applications in microwave domain, such as quantum communication, quantum navigation and quantum radar, which are based on quantum technologies in large scale and dynamic free space transmission. There are three main experimental platforms on which quantum microwave is studied and produced. They are cavity quantum electrodynamics(C-QED) system, circuit quantum electrodynamics(c-QED) system, and cavity electro-opto-mechanical(EOM) system, involving with several nonlinear effects such as Kerr effect, Casimir effect, three-wave mixing, etc. In this paper, the setups of these platforms and the preparation principles are introduced. Meanwhile, the preparation principles and methods of microwave single photon, entangled microwave photons, squeezed microwave fields and entangled microwave fields are summarized and analyzed in detail from three aspects. The present status of experimental progress in the relevant fields are summarized and listed as well. Besides, key problems in the application of quantum navigation in free space utilizing quantum microwave are probed. Among them, the most pressing ones are preparation ability, decoherence in transmission and detection of entangled quantum microwave signals, which are also discussed and analyzed in this paper. Finally, we look forward to the future development of quantum microwave technology. It mainly consists of manufacturing microwave detectors with high efficiency, designing thermal photon filters, and developing suitable antennas. We hope that this study can provide useful reference for scholars who are engaged in or interested in research related to quantum microwave technologies.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

空军工程大学信息与导航学院, 西安　710077

通信作者: 苗强, mqmiaoqiang@126.com

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 61603413, 61573372)、陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(批准号: 2017JM6017)和空军工程大学校长基金(批准号: XZJK2018019)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710077, China

Corresponding author: Miao Qiang, mqmiaoqiang@126.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61603413, 61573372), the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2017JM6017), and the Principal Foundation of Air Force Engineering University, China (Grant No. XZJK2018019).

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施引文献

图 1 (a) 腔–光–力学系统结构示意图; (b) 腔–电–力学系统结构示意图

Fig. 1. (a) Schematics of the cavity optomechanical system; (b) schematics of the cavity electromechanics system.

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图 2 腔量子电动力学系统

Fig. 2. Cavity quantum electrodynamics system.

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图 3 微波单光子产生设备^[35], 左侧内插图为超导量子比特　a: 超导传输线谐振腔; c: 输出电容; d: 热噪声端口; e/f: 相干测量端口; Z₀和Z₁为匹配阻抗

Fig. 3. The experimental set-up of generating microwave single-photon, where the left inset denotes qubit. a: superconducting transmission line resonator; c: output capacitance; d: thermal noise port; e/f: coherent measurement port; Z₀ and Z₁ are matching impedance.

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图 4 频率可调微波单光子源原理与结构^[37]

Fig. 4. Principle and structure of frequency-adjustable microwave single-photon source.

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图 5 利用量子点产生纠缠微波光子对的原理^[45]

Fig. 5. Principle of generating entangled microwave photon pair using quantum dots.

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图 6 Wilson小组实验装置及超导量子干涉仪电子扫描照片^[48]

Fig. 6. The scanning-electron micrograph of the experimental device and SQUID of Wilson group^[48].

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图 7 约瑟夫森–光子装置等效电路原理图^[51]

Fig. 7. Sketch of an equivalent circuit principle of Josephson-photonics device.

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图 8 电–光–力学系统典型结构

Fig. 8. The typical structure of electro-opto-mechanical system.

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图 9 微波量子照射雷达示意图^[61]

Fig. 9. Schematic of microwave quantum illumination.

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图 10 利用量子库产生双模压缩态方案^[66]

Fig. 10. Scheme of generating two-mode squeezed state using quantum reservoir.

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图 11 基于超冷原子与超导传输线腔耦合产生双模压缩态方案^[67]

Fig. 11. Scheme of generating two-mode squeezed state based on the coupling of ultracold atoms and superconducting transmission line resonator.

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图 12 (a) 约瑟夫森参量放大器^[71]; (b) 180°混合环微波分束器^[72]

Fig. 12. (a) Josephson parametric amplifier; (b) 180° hybrid ring microwave beam splitter.

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图 13 四波混频产生压缩微波场^[73]

Fig. 13. Schematic of generating squeezed microwave field using four-wave mixing.

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图 14 压缩场与真空场耦合产生纠缠微波场^[74]

Fig. 14. Schematic of generating entangled microwave field using the squeezed field and vacuum field.

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图 15 约瑟夫森混频器产生双模压缩微波场^[78]

Fig. 15. Schematic of generating two-mode squeezed microwave field using Josephson mixer.

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图 16 基于腔–电–力学系统的微波参量放大装置^[81]

Fig. 16. The microwave parametric amplifier device based on cavity electromechanics system.

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图 17 基于腔–电–力学系统的双模压缩微波场产生装置^[82]

Fig. 17. Device of generating two-mode squeezed microwave field based on cavity electromechanics system.

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图 18 超导电路量子电动力学与腔–电–力学的联合系统制备压缩微波场^[83]

Fig. 18. The jointed system of circuit quantum electrodynamics and cavity electromechanics system that generating squeezed microwave field.

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图 19 连续变量纠缠微波场的电–光–力学产生方案^[88]

Fig. 19. Scheme of electro-opto-mechanical system to generate continuous variable entangled microwave field.

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[8]	Bishop L S 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (New Haven: Yale University)
[9]	Hu J, Ke Q 2016 Optik (Munich, Ger.) 127 3950
[10]	Ghosh J, Sanders B C 2016 New J. Phys. 18 033015 Google Scholar
[11]	Mi X, Cady J V, Zajac D M 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 3502
[12]	张玉娜 2014 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学) Zhang Y N 2014 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
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