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三电极气体火花开关带有触发极, 相比两电极开关, 其开关导通的可控性较高, 工作电压较低且抖动小, 所以气体火花开关中三电极开关的应用较为广泛. 本文针对大气压氮气环境下的两电极开关和三电极开关的击穿机制进行了理论与数值模拟研究. 通过理论和数值计算发现, 对于平板-平板的两电极开关来说, 低电压下(小于6.3 kV)无法产生流注击穿, 高电压下(大于6.3 kV)会先形成由阴极到阳极的负流注, 然后再形成由阳极向阴极的正流注. 而在三电极开关的击穿过程中, 首先会在触发极和绝缘体之间发生击穿, 然后这个通道不断向阴阳极扩展, 最终形成阴阳极之间的电弧通道. 在本文的计算工况下, 如果需要阴极-触发极、阳极-触发极同时击穿的话, 其阴极-触发极之间的外加电压需要大于1.18 kV, 而阳极-触发极之间的外加电压需要大于3 kV. 当考虑触发极的场致发射后, 该击穿阈值可以显著降低.Compared with the two-electrode gas spark switch, the three-electrode gas spark switch has high controllability, low working voltage and small jitter, so the three-electrode gas spark switch is widely used in pulse power technology. The discharge of gas spark switch is high pressure gas discharge, which is characterized by high electron collision frequency (1012 Hz), small mean free path (10–6 m), short breakdown time (10–9 s), and complex physical process (including the secondary electron emission, the generation of seed electrons, the space charge effect and various collision processes between electrons and nitrogen molecules, etc). At present, it is difficult to quantitatively describe the breakdown process of the three-electrode gas switch, and the detailed theoretical research is lacking. Therefore, the breakdown mechanism of atmospheric pressure nitrogen spark switch, including two-electrode and three-electrode, is studied theoretically and numerically in this paper. The purpose of this study is to compare the simulation results of the two different gas spark switches, and obtain the characteristics of stream breakdown in different gas spark switches. Firstly, the numerical simulation and theoretical analysis of two-electrode gas spark switch are carried out. According to theoretical and numerical calculation, it can be found that for the plate-plate two-electrode switch, the stream breakdown cannot be generated under low voltage (less than 6.3 kV), while under high voltage (more than 6.3 kV), first the anode-directed streamer is formed, and then the cathode-directed streamer is created. In addition, the simulation results show that the plasma generated by the trigger can effectively reduce the breakdown voltage. Finally, the three-electrode gas spark switch is studied theoretically and numerically. It can be seen that in the breakdown process of the three-electrode gas spark switch, the breakdown first occurs between the trigger and the insulator, and then this plasma channel expands to the anode and cathode, finally forming the arc channel between the anode and the cathode. Under the calculation conditions in this paper, if the cathode-trigger and the anode-trigger are required to break down simultaneously, the applied voltage between the cathode-trigger should be greater than 1.18 kV, while the applied voltage between the anode-trigger should be greater than 3 KV. When the field emission of the trigger is considered, the breakdown threshold can be significantly reduced.
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Keywords:
- gas spark switch /
- stream breakdown /
- trigger /
- nitrogen
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Google Scholar
He M B, Li J 2000 High Voltage Engineering 4 33
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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图 1 计算域示意图 (a)两电极开关 (b)三电极开关
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the calculation domain: (a)Two-electrode switch; (b) three-electrode switch.
图 2 初始时刻 (a)电场和(b)电势的分布
Fig. 2. The initial distributions of (a) electric field and (b) potential.
图 3 不同时刻的电子密度分布(外加电压 6 kV) (a) 1 ns; (b) 2 ns; (c) 3 ns; (d) 4 ns; (e) 5 ns
Fig. 3. The electron density distribution at different times (applied voltage 6 kV): (a) 1 ns; (b) 2 ns; (c) 3 ns; (d) 4 ns; (e) 5 ns.
图 4 不同时刻的电子密度分布(外加电压 8 kV) (a) 0.1 ns; (b) 0.8 ns; (c) 1.2 ns; (d) 1.6 ns; (e) 2 ns
Fig. 4. The electron density distribution at different times (applied voltage 8 kV): (a) 0.1 ns; (b) 0.8 ns; (c) 1.2 ns; (d) 1.6 ns; (e) 2 ns.
图 5 不同时刻的电场分布(外加电压 8 kV) (a) 0.4 ns; (b) 0.8 ns; (c) 1.2 ns; (d) 1.6 ns; (e) 2 ns
Fig. 5. The electric field distribution at different times (applied voltage 8 kV): (a) 0.4 ns; (b) 0.8 ns; (c) 1.2 ns; (d) 1.6 ns; (e) 2 ns.
图 6 不同时刻电子密度分布图 (a)外加电压2 kV; (b)外加电压4 kV
Fig. 6. The electron density distribution at different times: (a) Applied voltage 2 kV; (b) applied voltage 4 kV.
图 7 不同时刻的电子密度分布图 (a) 0 ns; (b) 1 ns; (c) 2 ns; (d) 5 ns; (e) 10 ns
Fig. 7. The distributions of electron density at different times: (a) 0 ns; (b) 1 ns; (c) 2 ns; (d) 5 ns; (e) 10 ns.
图 8 不同时刻的电子密度分布图 (a) 0 ns; (b) 0.1 ns; (c) 0.22 ns; (d) 0.5 ns; (e) 0.8 ns; (f) 2.5 ns
Fig. 8. The distributions of electron density at different times: (a) 0 ns; (b) 0.1 ns; (c) 0.22 ns; (d) 0.5 ns; (e) 0.8 ns; (f) 2.5 ns.
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[1] 何孟兵, 李劲 2000 高电压技术 4 33
Google Scholar
He M B, Li J 2000 High Voltage Engineering 4 33
Google Scholar
[2] Golnabi H 1992 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63 5804
Google Scholar
[3] Golnabi H, Samimi H 1994 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65 3030
Google Scholar
[4] Mesyats G A 2005 Pulsed Power (New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers) pp29−32
[5] Golnabi H 2000 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71 413
Google Scholar
[6] Yalandin M I, Sharypov K A, Shpak V G, Shunailov S A, Mesyats G A 2010 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 17 34
Google Scholar
[7] 邵涛, 章程, 王瑞雪 2016 高电压技术 42 685
Google Scholar
Shao T, Zhang C, Wang R X 2016 High Voltage Engineering 42 685
Google Scholar
[8] Peterkin F E, Williams P F 1989 Proceedings of the 7th Pulsed Power Conference Monterey, USA, June 11−14, 1989 p559
[9] Macgregor S J, Tuema F A, Turnbull S M, Farish O 1997 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 25 118
Google Scholar
[10] Osmokrovic P, Arsic N, Lazarevic Z, Kartalovic N 1996 IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 11 858
Google Scholar
[11] Arsic N, Osmokrovic P 1996 Proceedings of 17th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum Berkeley, USA, July 21−26, 1996 p77
[12] Mcphee A J 1995 Proceedings of the 10 th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference Albuquerque, USA, July 3−6, 1995 p781
[13] Li L, Li C, Xiangdong Q, Fuchang L, Yuan P 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 4163
Google Scholar
[14] Thoma C, Welch D R, Rose D V, Zimmerman W R, Woodworth J R 2013 19th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference San Francisco, USA, June 16−21, 2013 p1
[15] 徐翱, 杨林, 尚绍环, 金大志, 杜涛, 谈效华 2016 强激光与粒子束 28 055004
Google Scholar
Xu A, Yang L, Shang S H, Jin D Z, Du T, Tan X H 2016 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 28 055004
Google Scholar
[16] 徐翱, 杨林, 钟伟, 刘云龙, 尚绍环, 金大志 2018 高电压技术 44 1922
Google Scholar
Xu A, Yang L, Zhong W, Liu Y L, Shang S H, Jin D Z 2018 High Voltage Engineering 44 1922
Google Scholar
[17] 孙旭, 苏建仓, 张喜波, 王利民, 李锐 2012 强激光与粒子束 24 843
Sun X, Su J C, Zhang X B, Wang L M, Li R 2012 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 2012 24 843 (in Chinese)
[18] Larsson A 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 243
Google Scholar
[19] Asiunin V I, Davydov S G, Dolgov A N, Pshenichniy A A, Yakubov R 2015 Instrum. Exp. Tech. 58 70
Google Scholar
[20] 党腾飞, 尹佳辉, 孙凤举, 王志国, 姜晓峰, 曾江涛 2015 强激光与粒子束 27 065004
Google Scholar
Tang T F, Yi J H, Sun F J, Wang Z G, Jiang X F, Zeng J T 2015 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 27 065004
Google Scholar
[21] Huang D, Yang L J, Huo P, Ma J B, Liu S, Wang W, Yao S L 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 4014
Google Scholar
[22] Raizer Y P 1991 Gas Discharge Physics (Berlin: Springer) pp324−326
[23] 程新兵, 刘金亮, 陈蒸, 殷毅, 冯加怀 2009 高电压技术 35 1689
Google Scholar
Cheng X B, Liu J L, Chen Z, Yin Y, Feng J H 2009 High Voltage Engineering 35 1689
Google Scholar
[24] Hagelaar G, Pitchford L C 2005 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 14 722
Google Scholar
[25] Levko D, Arslanbekov R R, Kolobov V I 2020 J. Appl. Phys. 127 043301
Google Scholar
[26] Go D B, Pohlman D A 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 69
Google Scholar
[27] Fu Y, Krek J, Zhang P, Verboncoeur J P 2018 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 27 095014
Google Scholar
[28] Fu Y, Yang S, Zou X, Luo H, Wang X 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 093509
Google Scholar
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