-
基于辐射制冷和温室效应, 设计了一种无需主动能量输入的温差发电系统: 夜间利用辐射制冷降低热电模块的冷端温度, 白天利用温室效应增加热端温度, 以提高冷热端温差, 达到全天候无间断的发电效果. 实验研究了热电模块冷热端温差随时间的变化及其受环境湿度的影响. 在中国陕西的夏季实验测量和分析结果表明: 辐射制冷使热电模块冷热端在夜间维持约1.1 ℃的温差; 温室效应可使热端温度比环境温度高出13.9 ℃; 环境湿度在20%和45%的条件下, 热电模块冷热端的全天平均温差分别为1.9 ℃和1.6 ℃, 表明20%的环境湿度条件下该系统具有更好的发电性能. 本装置实现了全天候的被动能量输出, 在离网区域电力供应等方面具有潜在的应用前景.Electricity power has served as an essential source in our daily life. However, some remote areas that are difficult to be covered by the power grid, are still facing a serious shortage of electricity for outdoor equipment such as field monitors. Off-grid power is the alternative power in such areas, but there arise apparently economic and environmental problems. Therefore, the development of portable, pollution-free and sustainable power supply equipment has vital research significance. In this paper, based on the radiative cooling and greenhouse effects, a passive thermoelectric system without any active energy input is proposed. A square copper plate coated with a thin film of acrylic acid doped with SiO2 particles, with an average emissivity value of 0.937, is selected as a radiative cooling material. The commercial polyolefin film with a thickness of 0.12 mm is selected as a greenhouse material. The radiative cooling effect cools the cold end of the thermoelectric generator (TEG) during the nighttime, the greenhouse effect during the daytime is utilized to increase the temperature of the hot end of the TEG. The radiative cooling effect and the greenhouse effect both result in the increase of the temperature difference between the cold and hot ends, and thus obtaining the output power. During the period of time from June 17 to June 21, 2020, the performance of the designed system at the location of Shaanxi, China was evaluated experimentally, and the weather condition effects were also studied. The experimental results show that a stable temperature drop of ～1.1 ℃ of the cold end is achieved via the radiative cooling effect at night. Owing to the greenhouse effect, the temperature increase of the hot end reaches a maximum value of 13.9 ℃. When the average ambient humidity decreases from 45% to 20%, the average temperature difference between the hot end and cold end of the thermoelectric module increased from 1.6 to 1.9 ℃ throughout the day, and the average power increased from 47.8 to 67.3 mW/m2, indicating that the equipment can have better power generation performance under the condition of 20% ambient humidity. The device developed in this work realizes all-day passive output and shows that it has potential applications in off-grid power supplies.
-
Keywords:
- radiative cooling /
- greenhouse effect /
- thermoelectric generator
[1] Champier D 2017 Energy Convers. Manage. 140 167
Google Scholar
[2] He W, Wang D, Wu H, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, He D, Feng Y, Hao Y J, Dong J F, Chetty R, Hao L, Chen D, Qin J, Yang Q, Li X, Song J M, Zhu Y, Xu W, Niu C, Li X, Wang G, Liu C, Ohta M, Pennycook S J, He J, Li J F, Zhao L D 2019 Science 365 1418
Google Scholar
[3] Kraemer D, Jie Q, Mcenaney K, Cao F, Liu W, Weinstein LA, Loomis J, Chen G 2016 Nat. Energy 1 1272
[4] Rodrigo P M, Valera A, Fernández E F, Almonacid F M 2019 Appl. Energy 238 1150
Google Scholar
[5] Babu C, Ponnambalam P 2017 Energy Convers. Manage. 151 368
Google Scholar
[6] Lekbir A, Hassani S Ab, Ghani M R, Gan C K, Mekhilef S, Saidur R 2018 Energy Convers. Manage. 177 19
Google Scholar
[7] Catalanotti S, Cuomo V, Piro G, Ruggi D, Silvestrini V, Troise G 1975 Sol. Energy 17 83
Google Scholar
[8] Lin K T, Han J, Li K, Guob C, Lina H, Jia B 2021 Nano Energy 80 105517
Google Scholar
[9] Li Z, Chen Q, Song Y, Zhu B, Zhu J 2020 Adv. Mater. Technol. 5 1901007
Google Scholar
[10] Prakash B J, Jahar S, Pralay M 2020 Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 133 110263
Google Scholar
[11] 刘扬, 潘登, 陈文, 王文强, 沈昊, 徐红星 2020 物理学报 69 036501
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Pan D, Chen W, Wang W Q, Shen H, Xu H X 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 036501
Google Scholar
[12] 刘士彦, 姚博, 谭永胜, 徐海涛, 冀婷, 方泽波 2017 物理学报 66 248801
Google Scholar
Liu S Y, Yao B, Tan Y S, Xu H T, Ji T, Fang Z B 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 248801
Google Scholar
[13] 于海童, 刘东, 杨震, 段远源 2018 物理学报 67 024209
Google Scholar
Yu H T, Liu D, Yang Z, Duan Y Y 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 024209
Google Scholar
[14] 贾博仑, 邓玲玲, 陈若曦, 张雅男, 房旭民 2017 物理学报 66 237801
Google Scholar
Jia B L, Deng L L, Chen R X, Zhang Y N, Fang X M 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 237801
Google Scholar
[15] 杜玮, 尹格, 马云贵 2020 物理学报 69 204203
Google Scholar
Du W, Yin G, Ma Y G 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 204203
Google Scholar
[16] 廖天军, 吕贻祥 2020 物理学报 69 057202
Google Scholar
Liao T J, Lü Y X 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 057202
Google Scholar
[17] Fang H, Zhao D, Yuan J, Aili A, Yin X, Tan G 2019 Appl. Energy 248 589
Google Scholar
[18] Zhao D, Aili A, Yin X, Yang R 2019 Energy Build. 203 109453
Google Scholar
[19] Hosseinzadeh E, Taherian H 2012 Int. J. Green Energy 9 766
Google Scholar
[20] Cai L, Song Y A, Li W, Hsu P C, Lin D, Catrysse P B, Liu Y, Peng Y, Chen J, Wang H, Xu J, Yang A, Cui Y 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1802152
Google Scholar
[21] Cai L, Peng Y, Xu J, Zhou C, Zhou C, Wu P, Lin D, Cui Y 2019 Joule 3 1478
Google Scholar
[22] Song Y N, Li Y, Yan D X, Lei J, Li Z 2020 Composites Part A 130 105738
Google Scholar
[23] Zhu L, Raman A, Wang K X, Anoma M A, Fan S 2014 Optica 1 32
Google Scholar
[24] Safi T S, Munday J N 2015 Opt. Express 23 A1120
Google Scholar
[25] Li W, Dong M, Fan L, John J J, Chen Z, Fan S 2021 ACS Photonics 8 269
[26] Zhan Z, ElKabbash M, Li Z, Li X, Zhang J, Rutledge J, Singh S, Guo C 2019 Nano Energy 65 104060
Google Scholar
[27] Raman P A, Li W, Fan S 2019 Joule 3 2679
Google Scholar
[28] Mu E, Wu Z, Wu Z, Chen X, Liu Y, Fu X, Hu Z 2019 Nano Energy 55 494
Google Scholar
[29] Rephaeli E, Raman A, Fan S 2013 Nano Lett. 13 1457
Google Scholar
[30] Raman1 A P, Anoma M A, Zhu L, Rephaeli E, Fan S 2014 Nature 515 540
Google Scholar
[31] Zhou K, Li W, Patel B B, Tao R, Chang Y, Fan S, Diao Y, Cai L 2021 Nano Lett. 21 1493
Google Scholar
[32] Li T, Gao Y, Zheng K, Ma Y, Ding D, Zhang H 2019 ES Energy Environ. 5 102
[33] Zhang H, Ly K C, Liu X, Chen Z, Yan M, Wu Z, Wang X, Zheng Y, Zhou H, Fan T 2020 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117 14657
Google Scholar
[34] Li T, Zhai Y, He S, Gan W, Wei Z, Heidarinejad M, Dalgo D, Mi R, Zhao X, Song J, Dai J, Chen C, Aili A, Vellore A, Martini A, Yang R, Srebric J, Yin X, Hu L 2019 Science 364 760
Google Scholar
[35] Chen S, Wang X, Nie G, Liu Q, Sui J, Song C, Zhu J, Fu J, Zhang J, Yan X, Long Y 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 064401
Google Scholar
[36] Cheng Z, Wang F, Gong D, Liang H, Shuai Y 2020 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 213 110563
Google Scholar
[37] Seebeck T 1826 Ann. Phys. 82 253
Google Scholar
-
图 1 基于辐射制冷-温室效应温差发电系统 (a)示意图; (b) 实物图
Fig. 1. Thermoelectric system based on radiative cooling and greenhouse effects: (a) Sketch; (b) real setup.
图 2 辐射制冷结构 (a) 实物图; (b) SiO2/丙烯酸薄膜的电子显微图; (c) 大气窗口范围内的光谱发射率
Fig. 2. Radiative cooling structure: (a) The real structure; (b) the electron micrograph of the SiO2/acrylic film; (c) the spectral emissivity within the atmosphere window.
图 3 (a) 2020年6月17日至18日热端温度、环境温度和温差的分布; (b) 6月18日8:00—12:00时间段内热端温度低于环境温度的数据点分布
Fig. 3. (a) Distributions of the hot side temperature, ambient temperature, and the temperature difference during June 17–18, 2020; (b) data points at which the hot end temperature is lower than the ambient temperature during the time from 8:00 to 12:00 on the day of June 18, 2020.
图 4 (a) 2020年6月19日至21日热电模块的冷热端温度和温差; (b) 热电模块冷热端温差在2020年6月20日12:00到17:00时间段内的分布
Fig. 4. (a) Temperature of the hot and cold sides of the thermoelectric generator, as well as the temperature difference during June 19–21, 2020; (b) temperature difference between the time of 12:00 and 17:00 on June 20, 2020.
-
[1] Champier D 2017 Energy Convers. Manage. 140 167
Google Scholar
[2] He W, Wang D, Wu H, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, He D, Feng Y, Hao Y J, Dong J F, Chetty R, Hao L, Chen D, Qin J, Yang Q, Li X, Song J M, Zhu Y, Xu W, Niu C, Li X, Wang G, Liu C, Ohta M, Pennycook S J, He J, Li J F, Zhao L D 2019 Science 365 1418
Google Scholar
[3] Kraemer D, Jie Q, Mcenaney K, Cao F, Liu W, Weinstein LA, Loomis J, Chen G 2016 Nat. Energy 1 1272
[4] Rodrigo P M, Valera A, Fernández E F, Almonacid F M 2019 Appl. Energy 238 1150
Google Scholar
[5] Babu C, Ponnambalam P 2017 Energy Convers. Manage. 151 368
Google Scholar
[6] Lekbir A, Hassani S Ab, Ghani M R, Gan C K, Mekhilef S, Saidur R 2018 Energy Convers. Manage. 177 19
Google Scholar
[7] Catalanotti S, Cuomo V, Piro G, Ruggi D, Silvestrini V, Troise G 1975 Sol. Energy 17 83
Google Scholar
[8] Lin K T, Han J, Li K, Guob C, Lina H, Jia B 2021 Nano Energy 80 105517
Google Scholar
[9] Li Z, Chen Q, Song Y, Zhu B, Zhu J 2020 Adv. Mater. Technol. 5 1901007
Google Scholar
[10] Prakash B J, Jahar S, Pralay M 2020 Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 133 110263
Google Scholar
[11] 刘扬, 潘登, 陈文, 王文强, 沈昊, 徐红星 2020 物理学报 69 036501
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Pan D, Chen W, Wang W Q, Shen H, Xu H X 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 036501
Google Scholar
[12] 刘士彦, 姚博, 谭永胜, 徐海涛, 冀婷, 方泽波 2017 物理学报 66 248801
Google Scholar
Liu S Y, Yao B, Tan Y S, Xu H T, Ji T, Fang Z B 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 248801
Google Scholar
[13] 于海童, 刘东, 杨震, 段远源 2018 物理学报 67 024209
Google Scholar
Yu H T, Liu D, Yang Z, Duan Y Y 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 024209
Google Scholar
[14] 贾博仑, 邓玲玲, 陈若曦, 张雅男, 房旭民 2017 物理学报 66 237801
Google Scholar
Jia B L, Deng L L, Chen R X, Zhang Y N, Fang X M 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 237801
Google Scholar
[15] 杜玮, 尹格, 马云贵 2020 物理学报 69 204203
Google Scholar
Du W, Yin G, Ma Y G 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 204203
Google Scholar
[16] 廖天军, 吕贻祥 2020 物理学报 69 057202
Google Scholar
Liao T J, Lü Y X 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 057202
Google Scholar
[17] Fang H, Zhao D, Yuan J, Aili A, Yin X, Tan G 2019 Appl. Energy 248 589
Google Scholar
[18] Zhao D, Aili A, Yin X, Yang R 2019 Energy Build. 203 109453
Google Scholar
[19] Hosseinzadeh E, Taherian H 2012 Int. J. Green Energy 9 766
Google Scholar
[20] Cai L, Song Y A, Li W, Hsu P C, Lin D, Catrysse P B, Liu Y, Peng Y, Chen J, Wang H, Xu J, Yang A, Cui Y 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1802152
Google Scholar
[21] Cai L, Peng Y, Xu J, Zhou C, Zhou C, Wu P, Lin D, Cui Y 2019 Joule 3 1478
Google Scholar
[22] Song Y N, Li Y, Yan D X, Lei J, Li Z 2020 Composites Part A 130 105738
Google Scholar
[23] Zhu L, Raman A, Wang K X, Anoma M A, Fan S 2014 Optica 1 32
Google Scholar
[24] Safi T S, Munday J N 2015 Opt. Express 23 A1120
Google Scholar
[25] Li W, Dong M, Fan L, John J J, Chen Z, Fan S 2021 ACS Photonics 8 269
[26] Zhan Z, ElKabbash M, Li Z, Li X, Zhang J, Rutledge J, Singh S, Guo C 2019 Nano Energy 65 104060
Google Scholar
[27] Raman P A, Li W, Fan S 2019 Joule 3 2679
Google Scholar
[28] Mu E, Wu Z, Wu Z, Chen X, Liu Y, Fu X, Hu Z 2019 Nano Energy 55 494
Google Scholar
[29] Rephaeli E, Raman A, Fan S 2013 Nano Lett. 13 1457
Google Scholar
[30] Raman1 A P, Anoma M A, Zhu L, Rephaeli E, Fan S 2014 Nature 515 540
Google Scholar
[31] Zhou K, Li W, Patel B B, Tao R, Chang Y, Fan S, Diao Y, Cai L 2021 Nano Lett. 21 1493
Google Scholar
[32] Li T, Gao Y, Zheng K, Ma Y, Ding D, Zhang H 2019 ES Energy Environ. 5 102
[33] Zhang H, Ly K C, Liu X, Chen Z, Yan M, Wu Z, Wang X, Zheng Y, Zhou H, Fan T 2020 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117 14657
Google Scholar
[34] Li T, Zhai Y, He S, Gan W, Wei Z, Heidarinejad M, Dalgo D, Mi R, Zhao X, Song J, Dai J, Chen C, Aili A, Vellore A, Martini A, Yang R, Srebric J, Yin X, Hu L 2019 Science 364 760
Google Scholar
[35] Chen S, Wang X, Nie G, Liu Q, Sui J, Song C, Zhu J, Fu J, Zhang J, Yan X, Long Y 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 064401
Google Scholar
[36] Cheng Z, Wang F, Gong D, Liang H, Shuai Y 2020 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 213 110563
Google Scholar
[37] Seebeck T 1826 Ann. Phys. 82 253
Google Scholar
下载:
计量
- 文章访问数: 5540
- PDF下载量: 151
- 被引次数: 0
