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稀释制冷技术

郑茂文, 郭浩文, 卫铃佼, 潘子杰, 邹佳润, 李瑞鑫, 赵密广, 陈厚磊, 梁惊涛
cstr: 32037.14.aps.73.20241211

Dilution refrigeration technology

Zheng Mao-Wen, Guo Hao-Wen, Wei Ling-Jiao, Pan Zi-Jie, Zou Jia-Run, Li Rui-Xin, Zhao Mi-Guang, Chen Hou-Lei, Liang Jing-Tao
cstr: 32037.14.aps.73.20241211
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  • 稀释制冷机作为一种可以获取10 mK以下极低温度的制冷技术, 广泛应用于量子计算、凝聚态物理等领域, 已经成为极低温区的主流技术. 目前国际上干式稀释制冷机的研究和应用已经较为成熟, 但是对其他类型的稀释制冷机研究较少, 研究工作还不够全面系统. 本综述围绕稀释制冷技术的研究现状, 系统介绍了其根本机理和制冷原理, 梳理了稀释制冷机的多种实现形式, 讨论了各种形式的优缺点和研究进展. 基于地面应用的典型稀释制冷机, 结合实际情况, 系统总结并分析了影响其制冷性能的内在、外在因素, 为稀释制冷技术研究提供技术参考.
    Dilution refrigerator, as a refrigeration technology that can obtain extremely low temperatures below 10 mK, is widely used in fields such as quantum computing, and condensed matter physics. The development of the most widely used typical dry dilution refrigerators has been relatively mature, while there is little research on other types of dilution refrigerators, and there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic research on dilution refrigeration technology.This paper focuses on the current status of dilution refrigeration technology research, introduces its basic principles, and points out that the fundamental reason for continuous refrigeration is the limited solubility of 3He in 4He and the difference in enthalpy between the concentrated phase and the dilute phase. This paper summarizes the realization forms and research progress of typical dilution refrigerators, 4He cycle dilution refrigerators, cold cycle dilution refrigerators, and space dilution refrigerators, and discusses their respective application occasions and advantages and disadvantages. From the Kapitza thermal resistance, osmotic pressure, and resistance, this paper analyzes the key influencing factors and design calculation methods for realizing dilution refrigerators below 10 mK, which provides reference for studying dilution refrigeration technology.
      通信作者: 卫铃佼, weilingjiao@mail.ipc.ac.cn ; 潘子杰, panzijie@mail.ipc.ac.cn
    • 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 52406002)和国家重点实验室基金(批准号: CRYO20230202)资助的课题.
      Corresponding author: Wei Ling-Jiao, weilingjiao@mail.ipc.ac.cn ; Pan Zi-Jie, panzijie@mail.ipc.ac.cn
    • Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52406002) and the Research Program of Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, China (Grant No. CRYO20230202).
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    郑茂文, 卫铃佼, 全加, 林鹏, 梁惊涛, 赵密广 2020 低温物理学报 41 211

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    Zheng M W, Quan J, Wang N L, Li C Z, Zhao M G, Wei L J, Liang J T 2019 J. Low Temp. Phys. 19 1

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    London H 1951 Proceeding of International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p157

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    Edwards D O, Pettersen M S 1992 J. Low Temp. Phys. 87 3

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  • 图 1  在绝对零度时3He在4He中的化学势平衡关系[11,12,21]

    Fig. 1.  Chemical potential equilibrium relationship of 3He in 4He at absolute zero[11,12,21].

    图 2  3He-4He混合液相图[812]

    Fig. 2.  The phase diagram of 3He-4He mixture[812].

    图 3  浓相、稀相分离示意图

    Fig. 3.  Schematic diagram of separation of concentrated phase and diluted phase.

    图 4  浓相与稀相的焓值图[11]

    Fig. 4.  The enthalpy diagram of the concentrated phase and diluted phase[11].

    图 5  稀释制冷循环流程

    Fig. 5.  The cycle of dilution refrigerator.

    图 6  稀释制冷机结构图 (a) 湿式[29]; (b)干式[36]

    Fig. 6.  The structure of DR: (a) The wet [29]; (b) dry DR[36].

    图 7  冷循环稀释制冷机示意图

    Fig. 7.  The schematic diagram of CDR.

    图 8  冷凝泵型稀释制冷机模型图(NASA Ames实验室)

    Fig. 8.  Model diagram of condensate pump dilution refrigerator (NASA Ames).

    图 9  Leiden型(4He循环)稀释制冷机原理图[51]

    Fig. 9.  Schematic diagram of Leiden type (4He cycle) dilution refrigerator[51].

    图 10  空间开式稀释制冷机原理图[61]

    Fig. 10.  The schematic diagram of OCDR[61].

    图 11  空间闭式稀释制冷机[61]

    Fig. 11.  The schematic diagram of CCDR[61].

    图 12  常温及极低温下的温度梯度 (a)常温下的换热器; (b)极低温下的换热器

    Fig. 12.  Temperature gradient at normal temperature and extremely low temperature: (a) Normal temperature; (b) extremely low temperature.

    图 13  不同材料的Kapitza热阻值[19]

    Fig. 13.  Kapitza thermal resistance of different materials[19].

    图 14  换热器结构示意图 (a) 螺旋套管换热器; (b) 纳米烧结银粉换热器

    Fig. 14.  Schematic of the heat-exchanger: (a) Tube-in-tube; (b) sintered nano silver powder.

    图 15  极低温逆流换热器计算模型图[70]

    Fig. 15.  Calculation model diagram of extremely low temperature counter-flow heat exchanger[70].

    图 16  一种采用加热丝抑制超流氦爬膜的蒸发器结构[11]

    Fig. 16.  The still structure using heating wires to restrain superfluid helium from climbing the film[11].

    图 17  稀释单元稀相管路内的渗透压平衡关系图

    Fig. 17.  Osmotic pressure balance diagram in dilute phase pipeline of dilution unit.

    图 18  文献[11,27,72]中给出的渗透压数值

    Fig. 18.  Osmotic pressure values given in Ref. [11,27,72].

    表 1  国外主流商用稀释制冷机产品

    Table 1.  The foreign mainstream commercial dilution refrigerator products.

    公司 稀释制冷机型号 最低温度/mK 制冷功率
    Bluefors BF- LD250 10 250 μW@100 mK, 10 μW@20 mK
    BF-XLD400 10 400 μW@100 mK, 15 μW@20 mK
    BF-XLD1000 10 1000 μW@100 mK, 30 μW@20 mK
    KIDE 10 3 mW@100 mK(3个模块)
    Oxford Proteox MX 10 450 μW@100 mK, 12 μW@20 mK
    Proteox LX 7 850 μW@100 mK, 25 μW@20 mK
    Proteox 5 mK 5 850 μW@100 mK, 25 μW@20 mK
    Janis JDry-500 10 400 μW@100 mK
    JDry-750 9 400 μW@100 mK, 14 μW@20 mK
    Cryoconcept HEXA-DRY L 10 450 μW@100 mK
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  国内报道的经典稀释制冷机研究进展

    Table 2.  Research progress of classical dilution refrigerators reported in China.

    单位/企业 目前最低温度/mK 制冷功率
    中国科学院物理研究所 <7.6 >450 μW@100 mK
    中国科学院理化技术研究所[7] ~15 >400 μW@100 mK
    中国电子科技集团公司第十六研究所 7.9 >450 μW@100 mK
    安徽大学/合肥知冷低温科技有限公司 8.5 550 μW@100 mK
    中船鹏力超低温 12 >450 μW@100 mK
    本源量子 <10 >450 μW@100 mK
    北京飞斯科科技有限公司 <10 >300 μW@100 mK
    集焓科学仪器有限公司 6.8 >400 μW@100 mK
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 3  蒸发器温度对应的3He及4He蒸气压

    Table 3.  3He and 4He vapor pressures corresponding to evaporator temperature.

    蒸发器温度/K P30/Pa P40/Pa x3/% a P3/Pa P4/Pa (P3+P4)/Pa [P3/(P3+P4)]/%
    0.9 695 5.542 0.78 4.47 24.23 5.499 29.73 81.51
    0.8 378 1.526 0.88 5.13 17.06 1.513 18.58 91.86
    0.7 180 0.30375 1 5.98 10.76 0.301 11.06 97.28
    0.6 70.6 0.037485 1.2 7.11 6.02 0.037 6.06 99.39
    0.5 20.5 0.002178 1.4 8.69 2.49 0.0021 2.50 99.91
    0.4 3.59 0.001 1.8 11.07 0.72 0.0010 0.72 99.86
    下载: 导出CSV
  • [1]

    郑茂文, 卫铃佼, 全加, 林鹏, 梁惊涛, 赵密广 2020 低温物理学报 41 211

    Zheng M W, Wei L J, Quan J, Lin P, Liang J T, Zhao M G. 2020 Low Temp. Phys. 41 211

    [2]

    Uhlig K 2015 Cryogenics 66 6Google Scholar

    [3]

    Scholz P A, Kraft-Bermuth S, Andrianov V 2016 J. Low Temp. Phys. 184 576Google Scholar

    [4]

    Zheng M W, Quan J, Wang N L, Li C Z, Zhao M G, Wei L J, Liang J T 2019 J. Low Temp. Phys. 19 1

    [5]

    London H 1951 Proceeding of International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p157

    [6]

    Das P, Ouboter R D B, Taconis K W 1965 9th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (London: Olenum Press) 1965 p1253

    [7]

    Zheng M W, Li J G, Guo H W, Wei L J, Pan Z J, Li Rui X, Chen H L, Liang J T 2024 Cryogenics 138 103802Google Scholar

    [8]

    Lounasmaa O V 1979 J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 12 668Google Scholar

    [9]

    Zhao Z Y, Wang C 2020 Cryogenic Engineering and Technologies (New York: CRC Press) p317

    [10]

    Guglielmo V, Lara R 2008 The Art of Cryogenics (British: British Library) p143

    [11]

    Lounasmaa O V 1974 Experimental Principles and Methods Below 1K (New York: Academic Press INC

    [12]

    Edwards D O, Pettersen M S 1992 J. Low Temp. Phys. 87 3

    [13]

    Wilks J 1967 The Properties of Liquid and Solid Helium (Oxford: Clarendon Press

    [14]

    Walker E J, Fairbank H A 1960 Phys. Rev. Lett. 5 139Google Scholar

    [15]

    Graf E H, Lee D M, Reppy J D 1965 Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 417Google Scholar

    [16]

    Edwards D O, Daunt J G 1961 Phys. Rev. 124 640Google Scholar

    [17]

    van Leeuwen J M J, Cohen E G D 1961 Physica 27 1157Google Scholar

    [18]

    Masaki N, Yoshiko F, Toshinobu S 1987 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 26 69Google Scholar

    [19]

    White G K 1968 Experimental Techniques in Low Temperature Physics (Oxford: Clarendon Press

    [20]

    Wheatley J C, Rapp R E, Johnson R T 1971 J. Low Temp. Phys. 4 1Google Scholar

    [21]

    Abel W R, Wheatley J C 1968 Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 1231Google Scholar

    [22]

    Wheatley J C, Vilches O E, Abel W R 1968 Phys. 4 1Google Scholar

    [23]

    Mota A C, Platzeck R P, Rapp R E, Wheatley J C 1969 Phys. Rev. 177 266Google Scholar

    [24]

    Radebaugh R, Siegwarth J D 1971 Phys. Rev. Lett. 27 796

    [25]

    Radebaugh R, Siegwarth J D 1971 Cryogenics 11 368Google Scholar

    [26]

    Peterson R E, Anderson A C 1973 J. Low Temp. Phys. 11 639Google Scholar

    [27]

    Kuerten J G M, Castelijns C A M, de Waele A T A M, Gijsman H M 1985 Cryogenics 25 419Google Scholar

    [28]

    Peshkov V P 1970 Cryogenics 10 3Google Scholar

    [29]

    Bunkov Y M, Guénault A M, Hayward D J, Jackson D A, Kennedy C J, Nichols T R, Miller I E, Pickett G R, Ward M G 1991 J. Low Temp. Phys. 83 257Google Scholar

    [30]

    Vermeulen G A, Frossati G 1987 Cryogenics 27 139Google Scholar

    [31]

    冉启泽, 钱永嘉, 朱元贞 1979 低温物理 1 18

    Ran Q Z, Qian Y J, Zhu Y J 1979 Low Temp. Phys. 1 18

    [32]

    Uhlig K, Hehn W 1993 Cryogenics 33 1028Google Scholar

    [33]

    Uhlig K, Hehn W 1994 Cryogenics 3 587

    [34]

    Uhlig K, Hehn W 1997 Cryogenics 37 279Google Scholar

    [35]

    Koike Y, Morii Y, Igarashi T, Kubota M, Hiresaki Y, Tanida K 1999 Cryogenics 39 579Google Scholar

    [36]

    Uhlig K 2004 Cryogenics 44 53Google Scholar

    [37]

    Uhlig K 2008 Cryogenics 48 138Google Scholar

    [38]

    Sakon T, Nojiril H, Koyama K 2003 J. Phys Soc. Jpn. 72 140

    [39]

    Herrmann R, Ofitserov A V, Khlyustikov I N 2005 Instrum. Exp. Tech. 48 5

    [40]

    Shvarts V, Zhao Z, Bobb L, Jirmanus M 2009 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 150 1

    [41]

    Uhlig K 2009 International Cryocooler Conference 15, Long Beach, California, June 9–12, 2009 p15497

    [42]

    Umeno T, Maehata K, Ishibashi K 2010 Cryogenics 50 314Google Scholar

    [43]

    Singh V, Mathimalar S, Dokania N, et al. 2013 Pramana J. Phys. 81 719Google Scholar

    [44]

    Hata T, Matsumoto T, Obara K 2014 J. Low Temp. Phys. 175 471

    [45]

    Mikheev V A, Maidanov V A, Mikhin N P 1984 Cryogenics 24 190Google Scholar

    [46]

    Mohandas P, Cowan B P, Saunders J 1994 Physica B 194 55

    [47]

    Prouvé T, Luchier N, Duband L 2008 Cryocoolers 15 California, US, June 9–12, 2008 p497

    [48]

    Teleberg G, Chase S T, Piccirillo L 2006 SPIE Conf. Ser. 6275 62750D

    [49]

    Sivokon V E, Dotsenko V V, Pogorelov L A, Sobolev V I 1992 Cryogenics 32 207Google Scholar

    [50]

    俎红叶, 程维军, 王亚南, 王晓涛, 李柯, 戴巍 2023 物理学报 72 080701Google Scholar

    Zu H Y, Cheng W J, Wang Y N, Wang X T, Li K, Dai W 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 080701Google Scholar

    [51]

    Pennings N H, de Bruyn Ouboter R, Taconis K W 1976 Physica 84B 249

    [52]

    Pennings N H, Taconis K W, de Bruyn Ouboter R 1976 Physica 81B 101

    [53]

    Pennings N H, Taconis K W, de Bruyn Ouboter R 1976 Physica 84B 102

    [54]

    Satoh N K, Satoh T, Ohtsuka T, Fukuzawa N, Satoh N 1987 J. Low Temp. Phys. 67 195Google Scholar

    [55]

    Duband L, Hui L, Lange A 1990 Cryogenics 30 263

    [56]

    Roach P R, Helvensteijn Ben P M 1999 Cryogenics 39 1015Google Scholar

    [57]

    Benoit A, Pujol S 1994 Cryogenics 34 421

    [58]

    Sirbi A, Pouilloux B, Benoit A, Lamarre J M 1999 Cryogenics 39 665Google Scholar

    [59]

    Sentis L, Delmas J, Camus P, et al. 2005 Cryocoolers 13 New York, US 2005 pp533–542

    [60]

    Triqueneaux S, Sentis L, Camus P, Benoit A, Guyot G 2006 Cryogenics 46 288Google Scholar

    [61]

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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2024-08-29
  • 修回日期:  2024-09-14
  • 上网日期:  2024-10-28
  • 刊出日期:  2024-12-05

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