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1K低温系统是进一步实现mK温区及更低温度的基础，目前广泛应用于量子计算、凝聚态物理研究、低温科学仪器等领域。目前国内的1K低温系统大多使用GM制冷机进行预冷，系统在实现更低振动控制、更低电噪声干扰、更低预冷温度和更高液化效率等方面存在一定难题，而基于脉管制冷机预冷的1K系统在解决这些问题方面具有先天优势。本文发展了一台全国产化的4K GM脉管制冷机，获得了2.14 K的最低制冷温度，并可同时提供1.5 W@4.2 K和45 W@45 K的制冷量。将其作为预冷制冷机，设计并搭建了1K低温系统，最终获得了1.1 K的最低制冷温度，并可在1.6 K提供100 mW的制冷量。本研究为后续开展更大冷量稀释制冷技术奠定了重要基础。The 1 K cryogenic system can provide a stable and necessary low-temperature environment for some fields such as quantum computing, condensed matter physics research, and cryogenic scientific instruments. Specifically, in the field of basic research, 1 K is an ideal condition for studying quantum phenomena in low-temperature physics (such as quantum Hall effect, topological phase transition, etc.); in the field of technical applications, 1 K is a necessary condition for some quantum devices (such as superconducting quantum interferometers, single-photon detectors, etc.) to achieve high-sensitivity operation; in the field of ultra-low temperature technology, 1 K is the pre-cooling stage of refrigeration technologies such as dilution refrigerators, and is the basis for further achieving mK temperature ranges and lower temperatures. At present, most domestic 1 K systems use GM cryocoolers for pre-cooling. The system has certain difficulties in achieving lower vibration control, lower electrical noise interference, lower pre-cooling temperature and higher liquefaction efficiency. The 1 K systems based on pulse tube cryocoolers pre-cooling have inherent advantages in solving these problems. This paper first developed a 4 K GM-type pulse tube cryocooler, using a domestic helium compressor and a developed rotary valve, and redesigned the cold-end heat exchanger and the room-temperature phase shifters, achieving a minimum cooling temperature of 2.14 K, and providing 1.5 W@4.2 K and 45 W@45 K cooling capacity simultaneously. Based on the self-developed pulse tube cryocooler as the pre-cooling stage, a 1 K cryogenic system was further constructed. By designing key components such as JT flow resistance, combined thermal switch, and anti-superflow structure, a minimum cooling temperature of 1.1 K was obtained, and a cooling capacity of 100 mW can be provided at 1.6 K. This study has laid an important foundation for the subsequent development of dilution refrigerators with larger cooling capacity.
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Keywords:
- Pulse tube cryocooler /
- GM-type /
- 1 K system /
- Dilution refrigeration
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