基于强相互作用核自旋系统的量子传感

李庆; 季云兰; 刘然; SuterDieter; 江敏; 彭新华

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250271

摘要

相互作用量子系统在精密测量领域正受到广泛的关注, 尤其是量子关联态的实现以及相互作用系统的动力学研究, 为量子资源提供了全新的研究方向, 推动了基于相互作用系统的传感技术的深入探索. 然而, 现有研究主要局限于单一物理量的测量, 如何利用相互作用系统实现多物理量的精密测量仍亟待实验验证. 本研究基于超低场条件下强相互作用核自旋系统, 并结合高灵敏的原子磁力计实现信号读出, 成功实现了三维矢量磁场的精密测量, 测量精度达到10^–11 T, 方向分辨率高达0.2 rad. 有效克服了传统方法中因外部参考场引入的校准误差和技术噪声的限制. 通过实验上的优化, 基于相互作用的传感器在测量精度上实现了5个数量级的提升, 为开发超高精度的新型量子传感器开辟了全新的技术路径.

关键词:

Abstract

Quantum sensing utilizes the quantum resources of well-controlled quantum systems to measure small signals with high sensitivity, and has great potential in both fundamental science and concrete applications. Interacting quantum systems have attracted increasing interest in the field of precise measurements, owing to their potential to generate quantum-correlated states and exhibit rich many-body dynamics. These features provide a novel avenue for exploiting quantum resources in sensing applications. Although previous studies have shown that using such systems can improve sensitivity, they mainly focused on measuring individual physical quantities. In experiment, the challenge of using interacting quantum systems to achieve high-precision measurements of multiple physical parameters simultaneously has not been explored to a large extent. In this study, we demonstrate a first realisation of interaction-based multiparameter sensing by using strongly interacting nuclear spins under ultra-low magnetic field conditions. We find that, as the interaction strength among nuclear spins becomes significantly larger than their Larmor frequencies, a different regime emerges where the strongly interacting spins can be simultaneously sensitive to all components of a multidimensional field, such as a three-dimensional magnetic field. Moreover, we observe that the strong interactions between nuclear spins can increase their quantum coherence times to as long as several seconds, thereby improving measurement precision. Our sensor successfully achieves precision measurement of three-dimensional vector magnetic fields with a field sensitivity reaching the order of 10^–11 T and an angular resolution as high as 0.2 rad. Importantly, this approach eliminates the need for external reference fields, thereby avoiding calibration errors and technical noise commonly encountered in traditional magnetometry. Experimentally optimized protocol further enhances the sensitivity of the interacting spin-based sensor by up to five orders of magnitude compared with non-interacting or classical schemes. These results demonstrate the enormous potential of interacting spin systems as a powerful platform for high-precision multi-parameter quantum sensing. The techniques developed here pave the way for a new generation of quantum sensors that use intrinsic spin interactions to exceed the traditional sensitivity limits, presenting a promising route toward ultra-sensitive, calibration-free magnetometry in complex environments.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
中国科学技术大学近代物理系, 中国科学院微观磁共振重点实验室, 合肥　230026

2.
中国科学技术大学, 中国科学院量子信息与量子科技创新研究院, 合肥　230026

3.
合肥国家实验室, 合肥　230088

4.
合肥工业大学物理学院, 合肥　230009

5.
深圳大学物理与光电工程学院, 深圳　518060

6.
多特蒙德工业大学物理学院, 多特蒙德　D-44221, 德国

通信作者: 江敏, dxjm@ustc.edu.cn ; 彭新华, xhpeng@ustc.edu.cn

基金项目: 科技创新2030―“量子通信与量子计算机”重大项目(批准号: 2021ZD0303205)、国家自然科学基金(批准号: T2388102, 11927811, 92476204, 12150014, 12205296, 12274395, 12261160569)和中国科学院“青年创新促进会”人才项目(批准号: 2023474)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

2.
CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

3.
Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China

4.
School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China

5.
College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China

6.
Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund D-44221, Germany

Corresponding author: JIANG Min, dxjm@ustc.edu.cn ; PENG Xinhua, xhpeng@ustc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology, China (Grant No. 2021ZD0303205), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. T2388102, 11927811, 92476204, 12150014, 12205296, 12274395, 12261160569), and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association, China (Grant No. 2023474).

文章全文

参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 基于相互作用系统的量子传感实验示意图　(a)实验装置示意图; (b)多参数传感的基本过程, 包括探针态制备、未知磁场编码以及探针态的读出; (c) ⁸⁷Rb原子磁力计示意图

Fig. 1. Experimental schematic of interaction-based quantum sensing: (a) Diagram of the experimental setup; (b) basic procedure of quantum sensing, including probe state preparation, encoding unknown magnetic field, and probe readout; (c) diagram of the ⁸⁷Rb atomic magnetometer.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 在不同方向磁场下测量的¹³CH_n分子谱学　(a), (b) ¹³C-甲酸; (c), (d) ¹³C-甲醛; (e), (f) ¹³C-乙腈. 分裂模式与插图中显示的跃迁高度匹配

Fig. 2. Spectra of ¹³CH_n molecules measured at various orientations of the magnetic field: (a), (b) ¹³C-Formic aci; (c), (d) ¹³C-formaldehyde; (e), (f) ¹³C-acetonitrile. The splitting patterns match well the transitions shown in the inset.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 使用甲酸分子进行磁场测量　(a)测量矢量磁场的实验过程; (b)重构矢量磁场的实例; (c)当谱振幅受高斯噪声$ \sim {\cal{N}}(0, \sigma^2) $影响时, θ和ϕ的测量精度; (d)进行300次重复测量磁场强度的直方图

Fig. 3. Magnetic field measurement with formic acid molecules: (a) The procedure of determining a magnetic field vector; (b) as one example of reconstructing the magnetic field vector; (c) measured precision of θ, ϕ when spectral amplitude suffers from Gaussian noise $ \sim {\cal{N}}(0, \sigma ^2) $; (d) histograms of magnetic field strength obtained from 300 repeated measurements.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

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[2]	Degen C L, Reinhard F, Cappellaro P 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 035002 Google Scholar
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[42]	Komar P, Kessler E M, Bishof M, Jiang L, Sørensen A S, Ye J, Lukin M D 2014 Nat. Phys. 10 582 Google Scholar
[43]	Donley E A 2010 IEEE Sensors Waikoloa, HI, USA, November 01–04, 2010 p17–22
[44]	Walker T G, Happer W 1997 Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 629 Google Scholar
[45]	Kornack T, Ghosh R, Romalis M 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 230801 Google Scholar
[46]	Hurwitz L, Nelson J 1960 J. Geophys. Res. 65 1759 Google Scholar
[47]	Wu T, Blanchard J W, Kimball D F J, Jiang M, Budker D 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 023202 Google Scholar
[48]	Garcon A, Blanchard J W, Centers G P, et al. 2019 Sci. Adv. 5 eaax4539 Google Scholar
[49]	Jiang M, Su H, Garcon A, Peng X, Budker D 2021 arXiv: 2102.01448
[50]	Farooq M, Chupp T, Grange J, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 223001 Google Scholar
[51]	Adams R W, Aguilar J A, Atkinson K D, et al. 2009 Science 323 1708 Google Scholar
[52]	Theis T, Ganssle P, Kervern G, Knappe S, Kitching J, Ledbetter M, Budker D, Pines A 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 571 Google Scholar
[53]	Maly T, Debelouchina G T, Bajaj V S, et al. 2008 J. Chem. Phys. 128 02B611
[54]	Spagnolo N, Aparo L, Vitelli C, Crespi A, Ramponi R, Osellame R, Mataloni P, Sciarrino F 2012 Sci. Rep. 2 1
[55]	Jiang M, Wu T, Blanchard J W, Feng G, Peng X, Budker D 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 eaar6327
[56]	Jiang M, Frutos R P, Wu T, Blanchard J W, Peng X, Budker D 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 11 024005 Google Scholar
[57]	Tayler M C, Theis T, Sjolander T F, Blanchard J W, Kentner A, Pustelny S, Pines A, Budker D 2017 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88 091101 Google Scholar
[58]	Jiang M, Xu W, Li Q, Wu Z, Suter D, Peng X 2020 Adv. Quantum Technol. 3 2000078 Google Scholar
[59]	Ledbetter M, Theis T, Blanchard J, et al. 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 107601 Google Scholar
[60]	Appelt S, Häsing F, Sieling U, Gordji-Nejad A, Glöggler S, Blümich B 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 023420 Google Scholar
[61]	Gemmel C, Heil W, Karpuk S, et al. 2010 Eur. Phys. J. D 57 303 Google Scholar
[62]	Sjolander T F, Tayler M C, King J P, Budker D, Pines A 2016 J. Phys. Chem. A 120 4343 Google Scholar
[63]	Alcicek S, Put P, Kubrak A, Alcicek F C, Barskiy D, Gloeggler S, Dybas J, Pustelny S 2023 Commun. Chem. 6 165 Google Scholar
[64]	Picazo-Frutos R, Sheberstov K F, Blanchard J W, et al. 2024 Nat. Commun. 15 4487 Google Scholar
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