基于阵列波导光栅的光纤布拉格光栅解调技术综述

李科; 董明利; 袁配; 鹿利单; 孙广开; 祝连庆

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20212063

摘要

基于阵列波导光栅的光子集成解调技术是硅光领域的研究热点和难点. 相比传统解调方法, 基于阵列波导光栅的光子集成解调技术因其解调精度高、解调速度快、封装体积小等优势, 在光纤布拉格光栅的高速、高精度解调上具有明显优势. 近年来, 随着光子集成技术的发展, 各科研院所和相关机构对阵列波导光栅的光子集成解调法进行了广泛深入的研究与优化. 本文通过介绍阵列波导光栅工作原理及基于阵列波导光栅的光纤布拉格光栅波长解调原理, 结合基于阵列波导光栅的光纤布拉格光栅解调仪在材料体系和系统性能两个方面的重要进展, 归纳了基于阵列波导光栅的解调仪的典型应用场景, 从新材料、系统集成和规模化三方面对光纤布拉格光栅解调系统的未来发展提出针对性建议, 为基于阵列波导光栅的光子集成解调技术的研究发展提供参考.

关键词:

Abstract

The photonic integrated interrogation technology based on array waveguide grating is a hot but difficult research area in the silicon optical field. Compared with traditional interrogation methods, the photonic integration interrogation technology based on an array waveguide grating has obvious advantages in high-speed and high-precision demodulation of fiber Bragg gratings due to its high demodulation accuracy, fast demodulation speed, and small package size. In recent years, with the development of photonic integration technology, various research institutions and relevant organizations have conducted extensive and in-depth research and optimization on the photonic integration interrogation method of array waveguide gratings. In this paper we introduce the working principle of array waveguide grating and the principle of fiber Bragg grating wavelength interrogation based on array waveguide grating, the important progress of fiber Bragg grating interrogator based on array waveguide grating in both material system and system performance, and summarize the typical applications in interrogator based on array waveguide grating. The future development of fiber Bragg grating demodulation system is proposed from three aspects: new materials, system integration, and scale-up, which provides a reference for the research and development of photonic integrated interrogation technology based on array waveguide grating.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
北京信息科技大学, 光电测试技术及仪器教育部重点实验室, 北京　100192

2.
北京信息科技大学, 光纤传感与系统北京实验室, 北京　100016

3.
北京信息科技大学, 北京市光电测试技术重点实验室, 北京　100192

通信作者: 董明利, dongml@bistu.edu.cn ; 祝连庆, lqzhu_bistu@sina.com

基金项目: 高等学校学科创新引智计划(先进光电子器件与系统学科创新引智基地)(批准号: D17021)、国家自然科学基金(批准号: 51705024)和北京市教育委员会科技计划重点项目(批准号: KZ201911232044)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China

2.
Beijing Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and System, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100016, China

3.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Measurement Technology, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China

Corresponding author: Dong Ming-Li, dongml@bistu.edu.cn ; Zhu Lian-Qing, lqzhu_bistu@sina.com

Funds: Project supported by the 111 Project of China (Grant No. D17021), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51705024), and the Key Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission Science and Technology Program (Grant No. KZ201911232044).

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施引文献

图 1 AWG结构示意图

Fig. 1. Structural diagram of AWG.

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图 2 基于AWG的FBG波长解调系统

Fig. 2. FBG wavelength interrogation system based on AWG.

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图 3 AWG边缘滤波法波长解调原理图

Fig. 3. Wavelength interrogation principle of edge filtering method using AWG.

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图 4 AWG相对强度法波长解调原理图

Fig. 4. Wavelength interrogation principle of relative light intensity method using AWG.

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图 5 解调函数与3 dB带宽的关系^[54]

Fig. 5. Dependence of interrogation function on the 3 dB bandwidth of AWG (W_{3 dB}).^[54]

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图 6 游标效应及时分复用技术的实现架构^[58]

Fig. 6. Implementation architecture of AWG-based FBGI based on vernier effect and time-division multiplexing technology^[58].

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图 7 基于游标效应及时分复用技术的高精度波长解调实现方法^[53]

Fig. 7. Realization of high-precision wavelength interrogation based on vernier effect and time-division multiplexing technology^[53].

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图 8 修改输入波导后的FBG波长解调系统　(a)基于AWG的解调仪原理图; (b) AWG输入的设计^[31]

Fig. 8. FBG wavelength interrogation system with modified input waveguide: (a) Schematic of the AWG-based interrogator; (b) design of AWG inputs^[31].

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图 9 AWG传输谱(仅显示4—8通道)　(a)模拟波长响应; (b)测量响应^[31]

Fig. 9. Modified AWG passbands, where only channels 4–8 are shown: (a) Simulated wavelength response; (b) measured wavelength response^[31].

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图 10 用于FBG传感解调的AWG芯片^[67]

Fig. 10. An illustration of the AWG chip used for FBG sensor interrogation^[67].

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图 11 (a)混合电压传感器; (b)采用电压传感器和电流互感器的电流传感器; (c)磁致伸缩电流传感器^[72]

Fig. 11. (a) Hybrid voltage sensor; (b) current sensor employing a voltage sensor and a current transformer; (c) magnetostrictive current sensor^[72].

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图 12 MRI监测系统^[34]

Fig. 12. MRI monitoring system^[34].

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图 13 实验装置示意图^[77]

Fig. 13. A schematic diagram for experimental set-up^[77].

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图 14 用于评估FBG麦克风的实验装置^[78]

Fig. 14. Experimental setup for evaluating the FBG microphone^[78].

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表 1 基于AWG的FBG波长解调系统研究进展

Table 1. Research progress of FBG wavelength interrogation system based on AWG.

研究进展	研究成果	特点
分立组装^[23−27]		系统尺寸仍然很大
InP单片集成^[28−33]		偏振相关性明显
SOI混合/单片集成^[34−40]		单偏振工作, 工艺容差很小
SiO₂混合集成^[41−46]		器件尺寸相对较大, 但其他方面优势明显
聚合物混合集成^[47−50]		特殊应用, 成本较低

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表 2 不同衬底材料体系各自的优缺点以及主要应用场景

Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of different substrates and their main application scenarios.

材料体系	优点	缺点	主要应用场景
SiO₂	波导损耗低; 与光纤耦合损耗低; 偏振相关性低; 成本低; 制备工艺成熟稳定	弯曲半径大(一般大于1 mm); 器件尺寸较大(大于几个mm²); 不能用来制备有源器件	主要用来制备无源波导器件, 如耦合器、分路器、滤波器、光开关等, 也可以实现无源与有源器件的混合集成
Si/SOI	制备工艺与CMOS兼容; 弯曲半径小(可到5 μm); 器件尺寸小	单偏振工作; 与光纤耦合损耗大; 制备工艺仍处于发展阶段	可制作无源器件, 利用其扩展材料体系(Ⅲ/Ⅴ-Si、Ge-Si)可实现有源、无源器件单片集成, 但目前混合集成占主导地位
InP	直接带隙半导体材料	偏振相关性明显; 工艺难度大	是制备光源、探测器等有源器件的理想成材率; 可真正意义上实现各种有源与无源器件的单片集成
聚合物	制造简单; 后续处理工作量小; 单位成本低	采样率较低; 光谱展宽和光学损耗方面性能较差	可用于制作无源器件, 如AWG、耦合器、光纤光栅等; 便于实现全聚合物传感系统的搭建

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表 3 基于AWG光子集成技术的波长解调仪指标对比

Table 3. Performance comparisons of FBGIs based on AWG-PIC technology with different substrates.

技术方案	材料体系	动态范围	采样率	光源输出功率	波长分辨率	复用能力
色散滤波器或AWG的波分复用技术^[42,47]	SiO₂	≤10000 με (1 FBG); ≤2500 με (12 FBG)	2 kHz (1 FBG); 20 kHz (5 FBG)	<5 dBm	±5 pm@ 100 Hz	色散滤波器: <12 FBG; AWG: >12
单片集成AWG光谱分析技术^[30]	InP	4000 με/4.8 nm (8 FBG)	19.2 kHz	外部光源: 5 mW (FBG反射率>90%)	5 pm	单通道: 8 FBG
混合集成AWG光谱分析技术^[38]	SOI	5—80 ℃	2 kHz	0.8 mW (–1 dBm)	±10 pm	波分复用: 8通道AWG实现4 FBG解调
混合集成AWG光谱分析技术^[51]	聚合物	3.0—4.2 V	2 Hz	6 mW (FBG反射率为90%)	1 pm	3通道AWG实现 1 FBG解调

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[1]	Culshaw B, Kersey A 2008 J. Light. Technol. 26 1064 Google Scholar
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[3]	Wang T, Liu K, Jiang J F, Xue M, Chang P X, Liu T G 2017 Opt. Express 25 14900 Google Scholar
[4]	Kersey A D, Berkoff T A, Morey W W 1993 Opt. Lett. 18 1370 Google Scholar
[5]	Yuan L B 2004 Opt. Laser. Technol. 36 365 Google Scholar
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