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液氦温区GM型脉冲管制冷机由于具有大冷量、低振动、高可靠性等优点, 在凝聚态物理、量子计算等前沿领域具有重要应用. 调相机构对脉冲管制冷机性能有重要影响, 先前针对GM型脉冲管制冷机调相机构的研究, 主要集中在制冷机获取液氦温度后单个调相元件对制冷性能的影响方面. 本文围绕4 K GM型脉冲管制冷机, 基于Sage软件设计并构建了气耦合两级结构的整机仿真模型, 分析了一、二级小孔和一、二级双向分别对两级制冷温度的影响, 研究了制冷机达到液氦温区温度的调节优化过程. 在此基础上, 搭建了实验系统, 实验样机经优化最低温度可达3.1 K, 并可在4.2 K提供0.8 W制冷量. 该研究不仅可以推进4 K制冷平台国产化进程, 对相关前沿基础科学研究和重要科学仪器设备的自主研制也有支撑作用.Owing to the advantages of large cooling capacity, low vibration and high reliability, GM-type pulse tube cryocoolers at liquid helium temperature have important applications in frontier fields of condensed matter physics research, quantum computing, etc. The phase shifter has an important influence on the cooling performance of pulse tube cryocooler. Previous researches on the phase shifter of GM-type pulse tube cryocooler mainly focused on the effect of a single phase shifter on the performance of the cryocooler at liquid helium temperature. In this paper, based on Sage software, a simulation model of a 4 K two-stage gas-coupled GM-type pulse tube cryocooler is first designed and constructed. The influence of the phase shifters of the two stages on the first-stage and the second-stage temperatures are calculated. The adjustment and optimization process of the cryocooler to obtain the liquid helium temperature is studied. Numerical simulations are given below. 1) The lowest temperature of the model is only about 100 K when the phase shifters of the two stages are closed. The lowest temperature of the model can be reduced to 2.7 K by optimizing the first-stage orifice valve, the second-stage orifice valve, the first-stage double-inlet valve and the second-stage double-inlet valve in sequence. 2) The first-stage orifice valve, the second-stage orifice valve, and the second-stage double-inlet valve have a significant effect on reducing the cooling temperature of the second stage, while the first-stage double-inlet valve has little effect on reducing the temperature of the second stage. 3) The first-stage orifice valve and the second-stage double-inlet valve have a significant effect on reducing the cooling temperature of the first stage, and the first-stage double-inlet valve has little effect on reducing the temperature of the first stage. The second-stage orifice valve will worsen the first stage performance. Finally, an experimental system is constructed. The lowest temperature of the experimental prototype can reach 3.1 K, and the cooling capacity of 0.8 W can be produced at 4.2 K, which is presently the best result obtained by the domestic two-stage gas-coupled valve-separated GM type pulse tube cryocooler. This research can not only promote the independent construction of domestic 4 K refrigeration platform, but also support the relevant frontier basic scientific research and the development of important scientific instruments and equipment. In the future, the structure of the first-stage cold-end heat exchanger and the impedance matching between the compressor and the cryocooler will be improved, and the gas coupling characteristics inside the cryocooler will be studied theoretically and experimentally in depth.
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Keywords:
- pulse tube cryocooler /
- GM type /
- liquid helium temperature /
- two-stage gas-coupled
[1] 俎红叶, 程维军, 王亚男, 王晓涛, 李珂, 戴巍 2023 物理学报 72 080701
Google Scholar
Zu H Y, Cheng W J, Wang Y N, Wang X T, Li K, Dai W 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 080701
Google Scholar
[2] Yang B, Gao Z Z, Xi X T, Chen L B, Wang J J 2022 J. Low Temp. Phys. 206 321
Google Scholar
[3] Radebaugh R 2009 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21 164219
Google Scholar
[4] Gifford W, Longsworth R 1964 J. Eng. Ind. 86 264
Google Scholar
[5] Radebaugh R 1990 Adv. Cryog. Eng. 35 1191
[6] Matsubara Y, Gao J L 1994 Cryogenics 34 259
[7] Tanida K, Gao J L, Yoshimura N, Matsubara Y 1996 Adv. Cryog. Eng. 41 1503
[8] Wang C, Thummes G, Heiden C 1997 Cryogenics 37 857
Google Scholar
[9] Wang C, Heiden C, Thummes G 1998 Cryogenics 38 689
Google Scholar
[10] Chen G B, Qiu L M, Zheng J Y, Yan P D, Gan Z H, Bai X, Huang Z X 1997 Cryogenics 37 271
Google Scholar
[11] Chen G B, Zheng J Y, Qiu L M, Bai X, Gan Z H, Yan P D, Yu J P, Jin T, Huang Z X 1997 Cryogenics 37 529
Google Scholar
[12] Qiu L M, He Y L, Gan Z H, Chen G B 2006 AIP Conf. 823 845
Google Scholar
[13] 成渝 2006 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学)
Cheng Y 2006 M. S. Thesis (Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology
[14] 闫磊 2007 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学)
Yan L 2007 M. S. Thesis (Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology
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Google Scholar
[16] Wang C 2016 Cryocoolers 19 299
[17] Qiu L M, Zhang K H, Dong W Q, Gan Z H, Wang C, Zhang X J 2012 Int. J. Refrig. 35 2332
Google Scholar
[18] Schmidt B, Vorholzer M, Dietrich M, Falter J, Schirmeisen A, Thummes G 2017 Cryogenics 88 129
Google Scholar
[19] Schmidt J A, Schmidt B, Dietzel D, Falter J, Thummes G, Schirmeisen A 2022 Cryogenics 122 103417
Google Scholar
[20] Japanese 4 K Two-stage GM Type Pulse Tube Cryocoolers https://www.shicryogenics.com/products/cryocoolers/ [2023-6-29
[21] American 4 K Two-Stage GM Type Pluse Tube Cryocoolers https://www.cryomech.com/cryocoolers/pulse-tube-cryocoolers/ [2023-6-29
[22] Wang C 1997 Cryogenics 37 207
Google Scholar
[23] Wang C 1997 Cryogenics 37 215
Google Scholar
[24] Wang C, Thummes G, Heiden C 1997 Cryogenics 37 159
Google Scholar
[25] Qiu L M, Thummes G 2002 Adv. Cryog. Eng. 47 625
Google Scholar
[26] Qiu L M, Thummes G 2002 Cryogenics 42 327
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[28] Liu X M, Chen L B, Wu X L, Yang B, Wang J, Zhu W X, Wang J J, Zhou Y 2020 Sci. China Technol. Sci. 63 434
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Dai W, Luo E C 2005 Cryog. Eng. 144 24
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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图 1 双向进气型气耦合两级GM脉冲管制冷机结构示意图
Fig. 1. Schematic of the two-stage gas-coupled double-inlet GM type pulse tube cryocooler.
图 2 一、二级小孔分别对一级和二级制冷温度的影响
Fig. 2. Dependence of the cooling temperatures of the two stages on the openings of the first-stage and the second-stage orifice valves.
图 3 一、二级双向分别对一级和二级制冷温度的影响
Fig. 3. Dependence of the cooling temperatures of the two stages on the openings of the first-stage and the second-stage double-inlet valves.
图 4 二级双向DC直流对一级和二级制冷温度的影响
Fig. 4. Dependence of the cooling temperatures of the two stages on the DC flow rates caused by the second-stage double-inlet valve.
图 6 制冷机样机典型降温曲线
Fig. 6. Time-dependent temperature distributions of the cryocooler prototype.
图 7 制冷机样机不同温度下的典型制冷量
Fig. 7. Tested cooling power of the cryocooler prototype at different temperatures.
图 8 制冷机样机不同位置压力波动 (a)实时数据; (b)傅里叶分析
Fig. 8. Tested pressure oscillation of the cryocooler prototype at different positions: (a) Real-time data; (b) Fourier analysis.
图 9 制冷机样机相位调节和直流调节的影响 (a)实物照片; (b)温度波动
Fig. 9. Effects of phase shifting and DC flow on the cryocooler prototype: (a) Physical photo; (b) temperature fluctuation.
表 1 4 K GM型脉冲管制冷机主要结构参数
Table 1. Main structural parameters of the 4 K GM-type pulse tube cryocooler.
参数 数值 一级回热器外径/长度/(mm/mm) 60/210 一级脉冲管外径/长度/(mm/mm) 44/210 一级气库容积/L 3 二级回热器外径/长度/(mm/mm) 33/210 二级脉冲管外径/长度/(mm/mm) 25/450 二级气库容积/L 3 
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表 2 与其他同类主流制冷机产品比较
Table 2. Comparison with mainstream products of 4 K GM-type pulse tube cryocoolers.
生产厂商 降温
时间/h最低
温度/K制冷量 Sumitomo RP-182 B2 S 2 < 2.8 1.5 W@4.2 K Cryomech PT415* 2 2.8 1.35 W@4.2 K 本文 3 3.1 0.8 W@4.2 K 注: *表示阀分离型
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[1] 俎红叶, 程维军, 王亚男, 王晓涛, 李珂, 戴巍 2023 物理学报 72 080701
Google Scholar
Zu H Y, Cheng W J, Wang Y N, Wang X T, Li K, Dai W 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 080701
Google Scholar
[2] Yang B, Gao Z Z, Xi X T, Chen L B, Wang J J 2022 J. Low Temp. Phys. 206 321
Google Scholar
[3] Radebaugh R 2009 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21 164219
Google Scholar
[4] Gifford W, Longsworth R 1964 J. Eng. Ind. 86 264
Google Scholar
[5] Radebaugh R 1990 Adv. Cryog. Eng. 35 1191
[6] Matsubara Y, Gao J L 1994 Cryogenics 34 259
[7] Tanida K, Gao J L, Yoshimura N, Matsubara Y 1996 Adv. Cryog. Eng. 41 1503
[8] Wang C, Thummes G, Heiden C 1997 Cryogenics 37 857
Google Scholar
[9] Wang C, Heiden C, Thummes G 1998 Cryogenics 38 689
Google Scholar
[10] Chen G B, Qiu L M, Zheng J Y, Yan P D, Gan Z H, Bai X, Huang Z X 1997 Cryogenics 37 271
Google Scholar
[11] Chen G B, Zheng J Y, Qiu L M, Bai X, Gan Z H, Yan P D, Yu J P, Jin T, Huang Z X 1997 Cryogenics 37 529
Google Scholar
[12] Qiu L M, He Y L, Gan Z H, Chen G B 2006 AIP Conf. 823 845
Google Scholar
[13] 成渝 2006 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学)
Cheng Y 2006 M. S. Thesis (Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology
[14] 闫磊 2007 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学)
Yan L 2007 M. S. Thesis (Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology
[15] Jiang N, Lindemann U, Giebeler F, Thummes G 2004 Cryogenics 44 809
Google Scholar
[16] Wang C 2016 Cryocoolers 19 299
[17] Qiu L M, Zhang K H, Dong W Q, Gan Z H, Wang C, Zhang X J 2012 Int. J. Refrig. 35 2332
Google Scholar
[18] Schmidt B, Vorholzer M, Dietrich M, Falter J, Schirmeisen A, Thummes G 2017 Cryogenics 88 129
Google Scholar
[19] Schmidt J A, Schmidt B, Dietzel D, Falter J, Thummes G, Schirmeisen A 2022 Cryogenics 122 103417
Google Scholar
[20] Japanese 4 K Two-stage GM Type Pulse Tube Cryocoolers https://www.shicryogenics.com/products/cryocoolers/ [2023-6-29
[21] American 4 K Two-Stage GM Type Pluse Tube Cryocoolers https://www.cryomech.com/cryocoolers/pulse-tube-cryocoolers/ [2023-6-29
[22] Wang C 1997 Cryogenics 37 207
Google Scholar
[23] Wang C 1997 Cryogenics 37 215
Google Scholar
[24] Wang C, Thummes G, Heiden C 1997 Cryogenics 37 159
Google Scholar
[25] Qiu L M, Thummes G 2002 Adv. Cryog. Eng. 47 625
Google Scholar
[26] Qiu L M, Thummes G 2002 Cryogenics 42 327
Google Scholar
[27] Kim K, Zhi X Q, Qiu L, Nie H L, Wang J J 2017 Int. J. Refrig. 77 1
Google Scholar
[28] Liu X M, Chen L B, Wu X L, Yang B, Wang J, Zhu W X, Wang J J, Zhou Y 2020 Sci. China Technol. Sci. 63 434
Google Scholar
[29] Gedeon D 2016 Sage User’s Guide: Stirling, Pulse-Tube and Low-T Cooler Model Classes v11 Edition (Athens: Gedeon Associates) p6
[30] 戴巍, 罗二仓 2005 低温工程 144 24
Google Scholar
Dai W, Luo E C 2005 Cryog. Eng. 144 24
Google Scholar
[31] Pan C Z, Zhang T, Zhou Y, Wang J J 2016 Cryogenics 77 20
Google Scholar
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