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Recent advance in highly efficient solar cells based on organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites has triggered intense research efforts to ascertain the fundamental properties of these materials. In this work, we utilize diamond anvil cell to investigate the pressure-induced structural and optical transformations in methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) at pressures ranging from atmospheric pressure to 7 GPa at room temperature. The synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiment shows that the sample transforms from tetragonal (space group I4cm) to orthorhombic (space group Imm2) phase at 0.3 GPa and amorphizes above 4 GPa. Pressure dependence of the unit cell volume of CH3NH3PbI3 shows that the unit cell volume undergoes a sudden reduction at 0.3 GPa, which can prove the observed phase transition. We provide the high-pressure optical micrographs obtained from a diamond anvil cell. Upon compression, we can visually observe that the opaque black sample gradually transforms into a transparent red one above 4 GPa. We analyze the pressure dependence of the band gap energy based on the optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL) results. As pressure increases up to 0.25 GPa, the absorption edge and PL peak move to the longer wavelength region of 9 nm. However, abrupt blueshifts of the absorption edge and PL peak occur at 0.3 GPa, followed by a gradual blueshift up to 1 GPa, these phenomena correspond to the previously observed phase transitions. Phase transition increases the band gap energy of CH3NH3PbI3 as a result of reductions in symmetry and tilting of the[PbI6]4- octahedral. Upon further compression, the sample exhibits pressure-induced amorphization at about 4 GPa, which significantly affects its optical properties. Further high pressure Raman and infrared spectroscopy experiments illustrate the high pressure behavior of organic CH3NH3+ cations. Owing to the presence of hydrogen bonding between organic cations and the inorganic framework, all of the bending and rocking modes of CH3 and NH3 groups are gradually red-shifted with increasing pressure. The transition of NH stretching mode from blueshift to redshift as a result of the attractive interactions between hydrogen atoms and iodine atoms is gradually strengthened. Moreover, all the observed changes are fully reversible when the pressure is completely released. In situ high pressure studies provide essential information about the intrinsic properties and stabilities of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, which significantly affect the performances of perovskite solar cells.
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Keywords:
- diamond anvil cells /
- pressure-induce phase transition and amorphization /
- band gap energy /
- hydrogen bond
[1] Wang L, Zhang X D, Yang X, Wei C C, Zhang D K, Wang G C, Sun J, Zhao Y 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 058801 (in Chinese)[王利, 张晓丹, 杨旭, 魏长春, 张德坤, 王广才, 孙建, 赵颖2013物理学报62 058801]
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[34] Lee Y, Mitzi D B, Barnes P W, Vogt T 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 020103
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[37] Carpentier P, Lefebvre J, Jakubas R 1992 J. Phys.:Condens. Matter 4 2985
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[1] Wang L, Zhang X D, Yang X, Wei C C, Zhang D K, Wang G C, Sun J, Zhao Y 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 058801 (in Chinese)[王利, 张晓丹, 杨旭, 魏长春, 张德坤, 王广才, 孙建, 赵颖2013物理学报62 058801]
[2] Yu H Z 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 027201 (in Chinese)[於黄忠2013物理学报62 027201]
[3] Han A J, Sun Y, Li Z G, Li B Y, He J J, Zhang Y, Liu W 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 048401 (in Chinese)[韩安军, 孙云, 李志国, 李博研, 何静靖, 张毅, 刘玮2013物理学报62 048401]
[4] Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050
[5] Kim H S, Lee C R, Im J H, Lee K B, Moehl T, Marchioro A, Moon S J, Baker R H, Yum J H, Moser J E, Grätzel M, Park N G 2012 Sci. Rep. 2 591
[6] Jeon N, Noh J, Yang W, Kim Y, Ryu S, Seo J, Seok S 2015 Nature 517 476
[7] Zhou H P, Chen Q, Li G, Luo S, Song T B, Duan H S, Hong Z R, You J B, Liu Y S, Yang Y 2014 Science 345 542
[8] Liu M Z, Johnston M B, Snaith H J 2013 Nature 501 395
[9] Burschka J, Pellet N, Moon S J, Humphry-Baker R, Gao P, Nazeeruddin M K, Grätzel M 2013 Nature 499 316
[10] Pathak S, Sakai N, Rivarola F W R, Stranks S D, Liu J W, Eperon G E, Ducati C, Wojciechowski K, Griffit J T, Haghighirad A A, Pellaroque A, Friend R H, Snaith H J 2015 Chem. Mater. 27 8066
[11] Hao F, Stoumpos C C, Cao D Y H, Chang R P H, Kanatzidis M G 2014 Nat. Photon. 8 489
[12] Ogomi Y, Morita A, Tsukamoto S, Saitho T, Fujikawa N, Shen Q, Toyoda T, Yoshino K, Pandey S S, Ma T L, Hayase S Z 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 1004
[13] Dai J, Zheng H G, Zhu C, Lu J F, Xu C X 2016 J. Mater. Chem. C 4 4408
[14] Wozny S, Yang M J, Nardes A M, Mercado C C, Ferrere S, Reese M O, Zhou W L, Zhu K 2015 Chem. Mater. 27 4814
[15] McMillan P F 2002 Nat. Mater. 1 19
[16] Demazeau G 2002 J. Phys.:Condens. Matter 14 11031
[17] Wang Y G, Lu X J, Yang W G, Wen T, Yang L X, Ren X T, Wang L, Lin Z S, Zhao Y S 2015 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 11144
[18] Swainson I P, Tucker M G, Wilson D J, Winkler B, Milman V 2007 Chem. Mater. 19 2401
[19] Wang L R, Wang K, Zou B 2016 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7 2556
[20] Amat A, Mosconi E, Ronca E, Quarti C, Umari P, Naeeruddin M K, Grätzel M, Angelis F D 2014 Nano Lett. 14 3608
[21] Yang Z, Zhang W H 2014 Chin. J. Catal. 35 983
[22] Shen Q, Ogomi Y, Chang J, Tsukamoto S, Kenji K, Oshima T, Osada N, Yoshino K, Katayama K, Toyoda T, Hayase S 2014 Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 19984
[23] Park N 2013 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 2423
[24] Yang X D, Chen H, Bi E B, Han L Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 038404 (in Chinese)[杨旭东, 陈汉, 毕恩兵, 韩礼元2015物理学报64 038404]
[25] Stoumpos C C, Malliakas C D, Kanatzidis M G 2013 Inorg. Chem. 52 9019
[26] Baikie T, Fang Y, Kadro J M 2013 J. Mater. Chem. A 1 5628
[27] Poglitsch A, Weber D 1987 J. Chem. Phys. 87 6373
[28] Jiang S J, Fang Y N, Li R P, Xiao H, Crowley J, Wang C Y, White T J, GoddardIII W A, Wang Z W, Baikie T, Fang J Y 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55 6540
[29] Ou T J, Yan J Y, Xiao C H, Shen W S, Liu C L, Liu X Z, Han Y H, Ma Y M, Gao C X 2016 Nanoscale 8 11426
[30] Jaffe A, Lin Y, Beavers C M, Voss J, Mao W L, Karunadasa H I 2016 ACS Cent Sci. 2 201
[31] Szafranski M, Katrusiak A 2016 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7 3458
[32] Capitani F, Marini C, Caramazza S, Postorino P, Garbarino G, Hanfland M, Pisanu A, Quadrelli P, Malavasi L 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 119 185901
[33] Hammersley A P, Svensson S O, HanflandM, Fitch A N, Hausermann D 1996 High Pressure Res. 14 235
[34] Lee Y, Mitzi D B, Barnes P W, Vogt T 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 020103
[35] Foley B J, Marlowe D L, Sun K, Saidi W A, Scudiero L, Gupta M C, Choi J J 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 243904
[36] Gottesman R, Gouda L, Kalanoor B S, Haltzi E, Tirosh S, Rosh-Hodesh E, Tischler Y, Zaban A 2015 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 2332
[37] Carpentier P, Lefebvre J, Jakubas R 1992 J. Phys.:Condens. Matter 4 2985
[38] Lee J H, Bristowe N C, Bristowe P D, Cheetham A K 2015 Chem. Commun. 51 6434
[39] Wang K, Liu J, Yang K, Liu B, Zou B 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 18640
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