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Two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown great potential for electronic and optoelectronic applications. Among the 2D materials, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has received great attention in the transition metal dichalcogenides family. Unlike graphene, 2D MoS2 can exhibit semiconducting properties and its band gap is tunable with thickness. A demonstration of a single-layer MoS2 based field-effect transistor (FET) with a high on/off current ratio (about 108) has aroused the considerable interest. Although 2D MoS2 exhibits fascinating intrinsic properties for electronics, the contact may limit the device performance severely. In a real device such as FET, semiconducting 2D MoS2 needs contact with a metal electrode, and a Schottky barrier is always formed at the semiconductor-metal interface. The formation of low-resistance contact is a challenge, which is important for achieving high on current, large photoresponse and high-frequency operation. Therefore, understanding and tuning the interfaces formed between metals and 2D MoS2 is critical to controlling the contact resistance. In this work, some efforts have been made to investigate the 2D MoS2-metal interface in order to reduce the Schottky barrier height. By using the first-principles calculations based on density function theory, we investigate the effects of halogen doping-on metal-MoS2 interface, including the formation energy of defect, electronic structure, charge difference, and population. All calculations are performed using the ultrasoft pseudopotential plane wave method implemented in the CASTEP code. We use the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange and correlation potential as proposed by Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof. Firstly, we calculate the formation energy to find the thermodynamically stable positions for the halogen elements located in 2D MoS2. It is shown that the halogen elements tend to occupy the S site of a MoS2 monolayer. Meanwhile, for the MoS2 monolayer, the halogen doping may introduce the defect level into the forbidden gap and make the Fermi level shift. For the metal-MoS2 interface, halogen doping can modulate its Schottky barrier height effectively in terms of Schottky-Mott model. This is because the Schottky barrier height at the metal-semiconductor interface depends on the difference between the Fermi level and the band edge position of the semiconductor. At the metal-MoS2 interface, the Fermi level is partially pinned as a result of the interface dipole formation and the production of the gap states. Therefore, using different metals with different work functions cannot modify the Schottky barrier height effectively. Here we demonstrate that F and Cl doping can reduce the Schottky barrier height, while Br and I doping can increase it. According to the results of the differential charge density analysis, we can ascribe the tuning of Schottky barrier height to the influence of the dipole caused by the charge transfer among the interfaces. This study can explain the relevant experimental results very well and provide a potential route to achieving low-resistance contact in the future applications of 2D materials.
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Keywords:
- Schottky barrier /
- MoS2 /
- doping /
- density functional theory
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[17] Liu W, Kang J, Cao W, Sarkar D, Khatami Y, Jena D, Banerjee K 2013 Proceedings of the IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting Washington, DC, USA, December 9-11, 2013 p499
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[19] Liu D, Guo Y, Fang L, Robertson J 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 183113
[20] McDonnell S, Addou R, Buie C, Wallace R M, Hinkle C L 2014 ACS Nano. 8 2880
[21] Yang L M, Majumdar K, Liu H, Du Y C, Wu H, Hatzistergos M, Hung P Y, Tieckelmann R, Tsai W, Hobbs C, Ye P D 2014 Nano Lett. 14 6275
[22] Segall M D, Lindan P J D, Probert M J, Pickard C J, Hasnip P J, Clark S J, Payne M C 2002 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 2717
[23] van de Walle C G, Neugebauer J 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 3851
[24] Cheng Y C, Zhu Z Y, Schwingenschlgl U 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 153402
[25] Khomyakov P A, Giovannetti G, Rusu P C, Brocks G, van den Brink J, Kelly P J 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 195425
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[1] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666
[2] Geim A K, Novoselov K S 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 183
[3] Lee G H, Yu Y J, Lee C, Dean C, Shepard K L, Kim P, Hone J 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 243114
[4] Yoon Y, Ganapathi K, Salahuddin S 2011 Nano Lett. 11 3768
[5] Fang H, Chuang S, Chang T C, Takei K, Takahashi T, Javey A 2012 Nano Lett. 12 3788
[6] Liu W, Kang J, Sarkar D, Khatami Y, Jena D, Banerjee K 2013 Nano Lett. 13 1983
[7] Radisavljevic B, Radenovic A, Brivio J, Giacometti V, Kis A 2011 Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 147
[8] Li L K, Yu Y J, Ye G J, Ge Q Q, Ou X D, Wu H, Feng D L, Chen X H, Zhang Y B 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 372
[9] Gong K, Zhang L, Ji W, Guo H 2014 Phys. Rev. B 90 125441
[10] Wu M S, Xu B, Liu G, Ouyang C Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 227102 (in Chinese) [吴木生, 徐波, 刘刚, 欧阳楚英 2012 物理学报 61 227102]
[11] Mak K F, Lee C, Hone J, Shan J, Heinz T F 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 136805
[12] Splendiani A, Sun L, Zhang Y, Li T, Kim J, Chim C Y, Galli G, Wang F 2010 Nano Lett. 10 1271
[13] Liu H, Neal A T, Ye P D 2012 ACS Nano 6 8563
[14] Popov I, Seifert G, Tomnek D 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 156802
[15] Zhang L Y, Fang L, Peng X Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 187101 (in Chinese) [张理勇, 方粮, 彭向阳 2015 物理学报 64 187101]
[16] Das S, Chen H Y, Penumatcha A V, Appenzeller J 2013 Nano Lett. 13 100
[17] Liu W, Kang J, Cao W, Sarkar D, Khatami Y, Jena D, Banerjee K 2013 Proceedings of the IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting Washington, DC, USA, December 9-11, 2013 p499
[18] Gan L Y, Zhao Y J, Huang D, Schwingenschlgl U 2013 Phys. Rev. B. 87 245307
[19] Liu D, Guo Y, Fang L, Robertson J 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 183113
[20] McDonnell S, Addou R, Buie C, Wallace R M, Hinkle C L 2014 ACS Nano. 8 2880
[21] Yang L M, Majumdar K, Liu H, Du Y C, Wu H, Hatzistergos M, Hung P Y, Tieckelmann R, Tsai W, Hobbs C, Ye P D 2014 Nano Lett. 14 6275
[22] Segall M D, Lindan P J D, Probert M J, Pickard C J, Hasnip P J, Clark S J, Payne M C 2002 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 2717
[23] van de Walle C G, Neugebauer J 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 3851
[24] Cheng Y C, Zhu Z Y, Schwingenschlgl U 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 153402
[25] Khomyakov P A, Giovannetti G, Rusu P C, Brocks G, van den Brink J, Kelly P J 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 195425
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