First-principles study of rare-earth-doped cathode materials Li<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> in Li-ion batteries

Zheng Lu-Min; Zhong Shu-Ying; Xu Bo; Ouyang Chu-Ying

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190509

Abstract

Although Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have had great success in portable electronic devices and electrical vehicles, the improvement of the performances has received intensive attention. Generally, doping is an effective method to modify the battery performance, such as cycling performance. Appropriate doping can effectively reduce the structural deformation of electrode materials during charging and discharging, thus improving the cycling performace of LIBs. Because of the large radius, large charge and strong self-polarization ability of rare earth ions, rare earth element is a promising candidate for doping modification. Motivated by this, we study the structural, electronic and ionic diffusion properties of rare-earth-doped cathode material Li₂MnO₃ by using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory as implemented in Vienna ab initio simulation package. After the doping of rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Sm), the lattice constants and cell volumes increase with respect to the undoped one. The cell volume of La-doped Li₂MnO₃ has the biggest change, while the cell volume of Sm-doped one has the smallest change. Due to the different ionic valence states, the electronic structures of the doped Li₂MnO₃ are various. La-doped Li₂MnO₃ exhibits metallic characteristic, whereas Ce-, Pr-, and Sm-doped structures are semiconducting with smaller band gap than that of the undoped case. The Li diffusion energy barrier in Li₂MnO₃ shows complicated variation when the La and Ce are doped. At the sites far away from the rare earth ions, the Li diffusion barriers are lower than that of undoped one. The reason is that the diffusion channels, which are determined by the distance between neighboring O-layers, are enlarged due to the implantment of rare earth ions. However, the situations are various at the sites close to the rare earth ions. The Li diffusion barriers increase essentially when Li ions diffuse from the nearest sites to rare earth ions. Such a result is closely related to the huge changes of local structures around the rare earth ions. In addition, the effect of La doping on the Li diffusion barrier is more obvious than that of Ce doping, which is due to the local structure change around rare earth ions.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

College of Physics and Communication Electronics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China

Corresponding author: Zhong Shu-Ying, syzhong@jxnu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11664012, 11564016）, the Excellent Youth Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China (Grant No. 20171BCB23035), the Technology Project of Department of Education of Jiangxi Province, China (Grant No. GJJ170186), and the Science Foundation for Ph.D.s of Jiangxi Normal University, China (Grant No. 7957).

FullText HTML : translate this paragraph

References

[1]	Tarascon J M, Armand M 2001 Nature 414 359 Google Scholar
[2]	Liu H, Cao Q, Fu L J, Li C, Wu Y P, Wu H Q 2006 Electrochem. Commun. 8 1553 Google Scholar
[3]	Xiao P H, Deng Z Q, Manthiram A, Henkelman G 2012 J. Phys. Chem. C 116 23201 Google Scholar
[4]	候育花, 黄有林, 刘仲武, 曾德长 2015 物理学报 64 037501 Google Scholar Hou Y H, Huang Y L, Liu Z W, Zeng D C 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 037501 Google Scholar
[5]	Ghosh P, Mahanty S, Basu R N 2009 Electrochim. Acta 54 1654 Google Scholar
[6]	廖春发, 陈辉煌, 陈子平 2004 江西有色金属 18 33 Google Scholar Liao C F, Chen H H, Chen Z P 2004 Jiangxi Nonferrous Metals 18 33 Google Scholar
[7]	Wei J P, Cao X Y, Pan G L, Ye M, Yan J 2003 J. Rare Earths 21 466
[8]	Balaji S, Manichandran T, Mutharasu D 2012 Bull. Mater. Sci. 35 471 Google Scholar
[9]	Iqbal M J, Ahmad Z 2008 J. Power Sources 179 763 Google Scholar
[10]	Khedr A M, Abou-Sekkina M M, El-Metwaly F G 2013 J. Electron. Mater. 42127 5
[11]	Tang Z Y, Zhang N, Lu X H 2005 J. Rare Earths 23 120
[12]	叶兰, 张海朗 2012 稀有金属材料与工程 41 636 Ye L, Zhang H L 2012 Rare Metal Mater. Eng. 41 636
[13]	Luo S H, Tian Y, Li H, Shi K J, Tang Z L, Zhang Z T 2010 J. Rare Earths 28 439 Google Scholar
[14]	陈晗, 向楷雄, 龚文强, 刘建华 2011 稀有金属材料与工程 40 1936 Chen H, Xiang K X, Gong W Q, Liu J H 2011 Rare Metal Mater. Eng. 40 1936
[15]	Zhang Y J, Xia S B, Zhang Y N, Dong P, Yan Y X, Yang R M 2012 Chin. Sci. Bull. 57 4181 Google Scholar
[16]	杨书廷, 贾俊华, 郑立庆, 曹朝霞 2003 中国稀土学报 21 413 Google Scholar Yang S T, Jia J H, Zheng L Q, Cao Z X 2003 J. Chin. Rare Earth Soc. 21 413 Google Scholar
[17]	Sun H B, Chen Y G, Xu C H, Zhu D, Huang L H 2012 J. Solid State Electrochem. 16 1247 Google Scholar
[18]	Tian Y W, Kang X X, Liu L Y 2008 J. Rare Earths 26 279 Google Scholar
[19]	Ding Y H, Zhang P, Jiang Y, Gao D S 2007 Solid State Ionics 178 967 Google Scholar
[20]	赵世玺, 郭双桃, 邓玉峰, 熊凯, 徐亚辉, 南策文 2017 硅酸盐学报 45 495 Zhao S X, Guo S T, Deng Y F, Xiong K, Xu Y H, Nan C W 2017 J. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 45 495
[21]	He P, Yu H J, Li D, Zhou H S 2012 J. Mater. Chem. 22 3680 Google Scholar
[22]	Gao Y R, Ma J, Wang X F, Lu X, Bai Y, Wang Z X, Chen L Q 2014 J. Mater. Chem. A 2 4811 Google Scholar
[23]	Wang Z Q, Wu M S, Xu B, Ouyang C Y 2016 J. Alloy Compd. 658 818 Google Scholar
[24]	Shi S, Gao J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Ju W, Ouyang C, Xiao R 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 018212 Google Scholar
[25]	Kresse G, Furthmüller J 1996 Phys. Rev. B 54 11169 Google Scholar
[26]	Blöchl P E 1994 Phys. Rev. B 50 17953 Google Scholar
[27]	Perdew J P, Chevary J A, Vosko S H, Jackson K A, Pederson M R, Singh D J, Fiolhais C 1992 Phys. Rev. B 46 6671 Google Scholar
[28]	Anisimov V I, Zaanen J, Andersen O K 1991 Phys. Rev. B 44 943 Google Scholar
[29]	Koyama Y, Tanaka I, Nagao M, Kanno R 2009 J. Power Sources 189 798 Google Scholar
[30]	Zhou F, Cococcioni M, Marianetti C A, Morgan D, Ceder G 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 235121 Google Scholar
[31]	Ning F H, Xu B, Shi J, Wu M S, Hu Y Q, Ouyang C Y 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 120 18428 Google Scholar
[32]	Monkhorst H J, Pack J D 1976 Phys. Rev. B 13 5188 Google Scholar
[33]	Henkelman G, Jónsson H 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 113 9978 Google Scholar
[34]	Henkelman G, Uberuaga B P, Jónsson H 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 113 9901 Google Scholar
[35]	Zheng L M, Wang H W, Luo M, Wang G Q, Wang Z Q, Ouyang C Y 2018 Solid State Ionics 320 210 Google Scholar
[36]	Strobel P, Lambert-Andron B 1988 J. Solid State Chem. 75 90 Google Scholar
[37]	Xiao R J, Li H, Chen L Q 2012 Chem. Mater. 24 4242 Google Scholar
[38]	Zhu Y, Li J, Ji X, Li T, Jin M, Ou X, Shen X, Wang W, Huang F 2018 AIP Adv. 8 105014 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 Li₂MnO₃中稀土掺杂位置与Li离子的9种不同等价位示意图

Figure 1. Crystal structure of Li₂MnO₃ with rare-earth doping sites and nine Li sites

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 未掺杂Li₂MnO₃的电子态密度图

Figure 2. Density of states of Li₂MnO₃ without doping

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 稀土元素 (a) La, (b) Ce, (c) Pr, (d) Sm掺杂的Li₂MnO₃的电子态密度

Figure 3. Density of states of Li₂MnO₃ with (a) La, (b) Ce, (c) Pr, and (d) Sm doping

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 Li离子在La掺杂Li₂MnO₃中的迁移势垒, 所有的迁移路径与表3中所列的一致

Figure 4. Diffusion energy barriers of Li ions in La-doped Li₂MnO₃. All diffusion paths are consistent with those listed in Table 3

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 Li离子在Ce掺杂Li₂MnO₃中的迁移势垒, 所有的迁移路径与表3中所列的一致

Figure 5. Diffusion energy barriers of Li ions in Ce-doped Li₂MnO₃. All diffusion paths are consistent with those listed in Table 3

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 未掺杂与稀土掺杂的Li₂MnO₃的晶格常数、超胞体积与稀土元素的磁矩

Table 1. Lattice constants, volume of supercell, magnetic moment of rare-earth atom of Li₂MnO₃ without and with rare-earth doping

体系	稀土元素的磁矩/μ_B	2a/Å	b/Å	2c/Å	V/Å³
Li₂MnO₃(exp)^[36]	—	9.874	8.532	10.060	—
Li₂MnO₃	—	10.030	8.670	10.191	835.566
La-Li₂MnO₃	0	10.244	8.828	10.317	877.527
Ce-Li₂MnO₃	0	10.157	8.769	10.266	861.058
Pr-Li₂MnO₃	1	10.151	8.765	10.263	859.917
Sm-Li₂MnO₃	0	10.136	8.755	10.248	856.630

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 未掺杂Li₂MnO₃中的Mn离子与最近邻O离子之间的键长和稀土掺杂结构中稀土离子与最近邻O离子之间的键长

Table 2. Distance between Mn and the nearest neighboring O in undoped Li₂MnO₃ and distance between rare-earth ion and the nearest neighboring O in rare-earth-doped Li₂MnO₃

	Mn⁴⁺	La³⁺	Ce⁴⁺	Pr⁴⁺	Sm⁴⁺
d_{M—O (M = Mn, La, Ce, Pr, Sm)}/Å	1.941	2.374	2.215	2.193	2.181
	1.934	2.385	2.198	2.208	2.183
	1.949	2.401	2.218	2.211	2.170

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 两种近邻结构中的Li离子迁移路径

Table 3. Diffusion paths of Li ions in two different structures with neighboring Li ions

	未掺杂	稀土掺杂
2b-2c	6-3	6-3
2b-4h	6-1	6-1	6-1'
4h-2c	1-3	1-3	1'-3
4h-2c		1-4	1'-4
4h-4h	1-5	1-5	1'-5'
4h-4h		1-2	1'-2'

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Tarascon J M, Armand M 2001 Nature 414 359 Google Scholar
[2]	Liu H, Cao Q, Fu L J, Li C, Wu Y P, Wu H Q 2006 Electrochem. Commun. 8 1553 Google Scholar
[3]	Xiao P H, Deng Z Q, Manthiram A, Henkelman G 2012 J. Phys. Chem. C 116 23201 Google Scholar
[4]	候育花, 黄有林, 刘仲武, 曾德长 2015 物理学报 64 037501 Google Scholar Hou Y H, Huang Y L, Liu Z W, Zeng D C 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 037501 Google Scholar
[5]	Ghosh P, Mahanty S, Basu R N 2009 Electrochim. Acta 54 1654 Google Scholar
[6]	廖春发, 陈辉煌, 陈子平 2004 江西有色金属 18 33 Google Scholar Liao C F, Chen H H, Chen Z P 2004 Jiangxi Nonferrous Metals 18 33 Google Scholar
[7]	Wei J P, Cao X Y, Pan G L, Ye M, Yan J 2003 J. Rare Earths 21 466
[8]	Balaji S, Manichandran T, Mutharasu D 2012 Bull. Mater. Sci. 35 471 Google Scholar
[9]	Iqbal M J, Ahmad Z 2008 J. Power Sources 179 763 Google Scholar
[10]	Khedr A M, Abou-Sekkina M M, El-Metwaly F G 2013 J. Electron. Mater. 42127 5
[11]	Tang Z Y, Zhang N, Lu X H 2005 J. Rare Earths 23 120
[12]	叶兰, 张海朗 2012 稀有金属材料与工程 41 636 Ye L, Zhang H L 2012 Rare Metal Mater. Eng. 41 636
[13]	Luo S H, Tian Y, Li H, Shi K J, Tang Z L, Zhang Z T 2010 J. Rare Earths 28 439 Google Scholar
[14]	陈晗, 向楷雄, 龚文强, 刘建华 2011 稀有金属材料与工程 40 1936 Chen H, Xiang K X, Gong W Q, Liu J H 2011 Rare Metal Mater. Eng. 40 1936
[15]	Zhang Y J, Xia S B, Zhang Y N, Dong P, Yan Y X, Yang R M 2012 Chin. Sci. Bull. 57 4181 Google Scholar
[16]	杨书廷, 贾俊华, 郑立庆, 曹朝霞 2003 中国稀土学报 21 413 Google Scholar Yang S T, Jia J H, Zheng L Q, Cao Z X 2003 J. Chin. Rare Earth Soc. 21 413 Google Scholar
[17]	Sun H B, Chen Y G, Xu C H, Zhu D, Huang L H 2012 J. Solid State Electrochem. 16 1247 Google Scholar
[18]	Tian Y W, Kang X X, Liu L Y 2008 J. Rare Earths 26 279 Google Scholar
[19]	Ding Y H, Zhang P, Jiang Y, Gao D S 2007 Solid State Ionics 178 967 Google Scholar
[20]	赵世玺, 郭双桃, 邓玉峰, 熊凯, 徐亚辉, 南策文 2017 硅酸盐学报 45 495 Zhao S X, Guo S T, Deng Y F, Xiong K, Xu Y H, Nan C W 2017 J. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 45 495
[21]	He P, Yu H J, Li D, Zhou H S 2012 J. Mater. Chem. 22 3680 Google Scholar
[22]	Gao Y R, Ma J, Wang X F, Lu X, Bai Y, Wang Z X, Chen L Q 2014 J. Mater. Chem. A 2 4811 Google Scholar
[23]	Wang Z Q, Wu M S, Xu B, Ouyang C Y 2016 J. Alloy Compd. 658 818 Google Scholar
[24]	Shi S, Gao J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Ju W, Ouyang C, Xiao R 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 018212 Google Scholar
[25]	Kresse G, Furthmüller J 1996 Phys. Rev. B 54 11169 Google Scholar
[26]	Blöchl P E 1994 Phys. Rev. B 50 17953 Google Scholar
[27]	Perdew J P, Chevary J A, Vosko S H, Jackson K A, Pederson M R, Singh D J, Fiolhais C 1992 Phys. Rev. B 46 6671 Google Scholar
[28]	Anisimov V I, Zaanen J, Andersen O K 1991 Phys. Rev. B 44 943 Google Scholar
[29]	Koyama Y, Tanaka I, Nagao M, Kanno R 2009 J. Power Sources 189 798 Google Scholar
[30]	Zhou F, Cococcioni M, Marianetti C A, Morgan D, Ceder G 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 235121 Google Scholar
[31]	Ning F H, Xu B, Shi J, Wu M S, Hu Y Q, Ouyang C Y 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 120 18428 Google Scholar
[32]	Monkhorst H J, Pack J D 1976 Phys. Rev. B 13 5188 Google Scholar
[33]	Henkelman G, Jónsson H 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 113 9978 Google Scholar
[34]	Henkelman G, Uberuaga B P, Jónsson H 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 113 9901 Google Scholar
[35]	Zheng L M, Wang H W, Luo M, Wang G Q, Wang Z Q, Ouyang C Y 2018 Solid State Ionics 320 210 Google Scholar
[36]	Strobel P, Lambert-Andron B 1988 J. Solid State Chem. 75 90 Google Scholar
[37]	Xiao R J, Li H, Chen L Q 2012 Chem. Mater. 24 4242 Google Scholar
[38]	Zhu Y, Li J, Ji X, Li T, Jin M, Ou X, Shen X, Wang W, Huang F 2018 AIP Adv. 8 105014 Google Scholar

[1]	Ran Pei-Lin, Wu Kang, Zhao En-Yue, Wang Fang-Wei, Wu Zhi-Min. Enhancing reversible capacity and cycling stability of Li_1.2Ni_0.13Fe_0.13Mn_0.54O₂ by inducing low Li/Ni misalignment through Mo doping. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(2): 028201. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231361
[2]	Zhou Bin, Xiao Shi-Cheng, Wang Yi-Nan, Zhang Xiao-Yu, Zhong Xue, Ma Dan, Dai Ying, Fan Zhi-Qiang, Tang Gui-Ping. First-principles study of VS₂ as anode material for Li-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(11): 113101. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231681
[3]	Zhang Ni-Ni, Ren Juan, Luo Lan-Xi, Liu Ping-Ping. First principles study of Be-doped graphdiyne as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(21): 217301. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240996
[4]	Shi Xiao-Hong, Hou Bin-Peng, Li Zhi-Shuo, Chen Jing-Jin, Shi Xiao-Wen, Zhu Zi-Zhong. Formation of oxygen vacancy clusters in Li-rich Mn-based cathode Materials of lithium-ion batteries: First-principles calculations. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(7): 078201. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20222300
[5]	Xu Wei-Liang, Dang Rong-Bin, Yang Yang, Guo Qiu-Bo, Ding Fei-Xiang, Han Shuai, Tang Xiao-Han, Liu Yuan, Zuo Zhan-Chun, Wang Xiao-Qi, Yang Rui, Jin Xu, Rong Xiao-Hui, Hong Juan, Xu Ning, Hu Yong-Sheng. Magnesium doping improved characteristics of high voltage cycle of layered cathode of sodium ion battery. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(5): 058802. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20222098
[6]	Xie Yi-Zhan, Cheng Xi-Ming. A new method to solve electrolyte diffusion equations for single particle model of lithium-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(4): 048201. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20211619
[7]	. A New Method to Solve the Electrolyte Diffusion Equations of Single Particle Model for Lithium-ion Batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, (): . doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20211619
[8]	Zhang Yong-Quan, Yao An-Quan, Yang Liu, Zhu Kai, Cao Dian-Xue. Preparation and electrochemical performance of sodium manganese oxides as cathode materials for aqueous Mg-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(16): 168201. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20202130
[9]	Zhong Shu-Lin, Qiu Jia-Hao, Luo Wen-Wei, Wu Mu-Sheng. First-principles study of properties of rare-earth-doped LiFePO₄. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(15): 158203. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210227
[10]	Huang Bing-Quan, Zhou Tie-Ge, Wu Dao-Xiong, Zhang Zhao-Fu, Li Bai-Kui. Properties of vacancies and N-doping in monolayer g-ZnO: First-principles calculation and molecular orbital theory analysis. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(24): 246301. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20191258
[11]	Yan Xiao-Tong, Hou Yu-Hua, Zheng Shou-Hong, Huang You-Lin, Tao Xiao-Ma. First-principles study of effects of Ga, Ge and As doping on electrochemical properties and electronic structure of Li₂CoSiO₄ serving as cathode material for Li-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(18): 187101. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20190503
[12]	Lu Ya-Xiang, Zhao Cheng-Long, Rong Xiao-Hui, Chen Li-Quan, Hu Yong-Sheng. Research progress of materials and devices for room-temperature Na-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(12): 120601. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180847
[13]	Peng Ying-Zha, Zhang Kai, Zheng Bai-Lin, Li Yong. Stress analysis of a cylindrical composition-gradient electrode of lithium-ion battery in generalized plane strain condition. Acta Physica Sinica, 2016, 65(10): 100201. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.100201
[14]	Ma Hao, Liu Lei, Lu Xue-Sen, Liu Su-Ping, Shi Jian-Ying. Electronic structure and transport properties of cathode material Li2FeSiO4 for lithium-ion battery. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(24): 248201. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.248201
[15]	Li Juan, Ru Qiang, Sun Da-Wei, Zhang Bei-Bei, Hu She-Jun, Hou Xian-Hua. The lithium intercalation properties of SnSb/MCMB core-shell composite as the anode material for lithium ion battery. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, 62(9): 098201. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.098201
[16]	Xia Zhong-Qiu, Li Rong-Ping. First principles study of rare earth doped in ZnTe used for CdTe solar cell back contact layer. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(1): 017108. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.017108
[17]	Bai Ying, Wang Bei, Zhang Wei-Feng. Nano-LiNiO2 as cathode material for lithium ion battery synthesized by molten salt method. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(6): 068202. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.068202
[18]	Yue Min, Hu She-Jun, Hou Xian-Hua, Liang Qi, Peng Wei. Preparation and characterization of positive materials LiMn1-xFexPO4(0x<1) for lithium ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(3): 038202. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.038202
[19]	Hou Xian-Hua, Hu She-Jun, Shi Lu. Preparation and properties of Sn-Ti alloy anode material for lithium ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2010, 59(3): 2109-2113. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.2109
[20]	Hou Zhu-Feng, Liu Hui-Ying, Zhu Zi-Zhong, Huang Mei-Chun, Yang Yong. Investigation of lithium insertion in anode material CuSn for lithium-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2003, 52(4): 952-957. doi: 10.7498/aps.52.952

Catalog

Vol. 68, Issue 13 - 2019-07-05

Metrics

Abstract views: 13801
PDF Downloads: 305
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板

First-principles study of rare-earth-doped cathode materials Li₂MnO₃ in Li-ion batteries

Abstract

Authors and contacts

Corresponding author: Zhong Shu-Ying, syzhong@jxnu.edu.cn

FullText HTML : translate this paragraph

References

Cited By

Catalog

Metrics

Authors

Referees

About Journal

About

Search

Article

留言板

First-principles study of rare-earth-doped cathode materials Li2MnO3 in Li-ion batteries

Abstract

Authors and contacts

Corresponding author: Zhong Shu-Ying, syzhong@jxnu.edu.cn

FullText HTML : translate this paragraph

References

Cited By

Catalog

Metrics

Publishing process

Authors

Referees

About Journal

About

First-principles study of rare-earth-doped cathode materials Li₂MnO₃ in Li-ion batteries