Research progress in non-classical microwave states preparation based on cavity optomechanical system

Luo Jun-Wen; Wu De-Wei; Miao Qiang; Wei Tian-Li

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20191735

Abstract

As a novel hybrid quantum system, cavity optomechanical system shows super strong coupling strength, extremely low noise level and considerable coherent time under superconducting condition. In this paper, we briefly introduce basic principles of cavity optomechanics and cavity optomechanical systems. Meanwhile, we also classify the widely studied cavity optomechanical systems as five categories in their materials and structures. Significant parameters of these optomechanical systems, such as quality factor, mass and vibrating frequency of mechanical oscillator, are listed in detail. Technical merits and defects of these optomechanical systems are summarized. Furthermore, we introduce the research progress of non-classical microwave quantum states preparation by utilizing generalized cavity optomechanical systems, and we also analyze the performance advancements and remaining problems of this preparation method. In the end, we summarize the application cases at present and look forward to the potential application scenarios in the future. Our summary may be helpful for researchers who are focusing on quantum applications in sensing, radar, navigation, and communication in microwave domain.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China

Corresponding author: Wu De-Wei, wudewei74609@126.com

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References

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Cited By

图 1 法布里-珀罗型腔光力系统原理图^[30]

Figure 1. Schematic of Fabry-Perot cavity^[30].

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图 2 各种不同质量和机械振动频率的腔光力系统^[39]

Figure 2. Cavity optomechanical systems with different mecha-nical vibration frequencies and masses^[39].

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图 3 法布里-珀罗干涉仪原理图

Figure 3. Schematic of Fabry-Perot interferometer.

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图 4 Vitali团队^[43]方案原理图

Figure 4. Schematic of proposal from Vitali’s group^[43].

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图 5 Bitarafan^[45]所提方案原理图

Figure 5. Schematic of proposal from Bitarafan^[45].

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图 6 悬浮式粒子型的法布里-珀罗腔实验结构图^[47]

Figure 6. Experimental setup of F-P cavity with levitated particle^[47].

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图 7 回音壁模式示意图

Figure 7. Illustration of whispering gallery mode.

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图 8 (a)首个回音壁腔光力系统构造^[48]; (b)其改进型构造^[49]

Figure 8. (a) Structures of the first whispering gallery mode cavity^[48]; (b) its enhanced version^[49].

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图 9 光纤锥-聚合物线回音壁腔结构图^[51]

Figure 9. Schematic of whispering gallery mode cavity formed by fiber taper and polymer wire^[51].

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图 10 金属掺杂材料回音壁腔^[52]

Figure 10. Schematic of whispering gallery mode cavity formed by metal-doped material^[52].

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图 11 (a) Thompson团队^[53]所提振动薄膜原理图; (b)实验结构图^[53]

Figure 11. Schematic^[53](a) and experimental setup^[53](b) of proposal from Thompson’s group.

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图 12 Sankey团队^[54]的方案示意图

Figure 12. Schematic of proposal from Sankey’s group^[54].

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图 13 双抽运驱动的振动薄膜腔原理图^[55]

Figure 13. Schematic of vibrating membrane cavity with two pumps^[55].

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图 14 拉链式光子晶体微腔结构图^[57]

Figure 14. Structure of zipper-like photonic crystal cavity^[57]

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图 15 (a)雪花形光子晶体微腔结构图^[58]; (b)金刚石NV色心光子晶体微腔结构图^[59]; (c)六边形结构的光子晶体环状谐振腔结构图^[61]

Figure 15. Structures of (a) snowflake photonic crystal cavity^[58], (b) diamond NV center photonic crystal cavity^[59], and (c) hexagonal photonic crystal cavity^[61].

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图 16 (a)分布式超导微波腔结构图^[62]; (b)鼓膜状超导微波腔结构图^[63]

Figure 16. Structures of (a) distributed superconducting microwave cavity^[62] and (b) drum-like superconducting microwave cavity^[63].

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图 17 氮化硅纳米薄膜超导微波腔(a)原理图和(b)结构图^[64]

Figure 17. Schematic (a) and structure (b) of Si₃N₄ membrane superconducting microwave cavity^[64].

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图 18 (a) Li等^[65]设计的超导微波腔结构图; (b) Bienfait等设计的实验结构图图^[66]

Figure 18. (a) Structure of membrane superconducting microwave cavity designed by Li et al.^[65]; (b) experimental setup designed by Bienfait et al.^[66].

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图 19 (a)正交功分器结构图^[73]; (b) 20 dB功分器结构图^[73]; (c)微波EPR态制备方案示意图^[74]

Figure 19. (a) Structure of quadrature hybrid coupler^[73]; (b) structure of 20 dB directional coupler^[73]; (c) schematic of microwave EPR state preparation^[74].

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图 20 Li等^[75]提出的微波连续变量纠缠态制备方案原理图

Figure 20. Schematic of microwave continuous-variable entanglement state preparation proposed by Li et al.^[75].

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图 21 Palomaki等^[76]设计的超导微波腔结构图

Figure 21. Structure of superconducting microwave cavity designed by Palomaki et al.^[76].

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图 22 Sete等^[77]提出的微波压缩态及微波-机械振子谐振模式纠缠态制备方案示意图

Figure 22. Schematic of microwave squeezed state preparation and microwave-mechanical vibration mode entanglement preparation proposed by Sete et al.^[77].

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图 23 微波强压缩态制备方案示意图^[78]

Figure 23. Schematic of preparing highly squeezed state in microwave domain^[78].

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图 24 腔电光力系统原理示意图^[79]

Figure 24. Schematic of cavity electro-opto-mechanical system^[79].

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图 25 Tian^[83]提出的腔电光力混合量子接口示意图

Figure 25. Schematic of cavity electro-opto-mechanical hybrid quantum interface proposed by Tian^[83].

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图 26 Andrews等^[84]设计的腔电光力转换器原理图及器件结构示意图

Figure 26. Schematic and structure of cavity electro-opto-mechanical converter designed by Andrews et al.^[84].

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图 27 Abdi等^[85]提出的远距离微波场纠缠态制备方案示意图

Figure 27. Schematic of distant microwave fields entanglement preparation proposed by Abdi et al.^[85].

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图 28 基于双电光力转换器的量子微波照明方案示意图^[79]

Figure 28. Schematic of microwave quantum illumination based on double cavity electro-opto-mechanical converters^[79]

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图 29 基于电光力转换器的微波高斯、非高斯微波量子态制备方案示意图^[86]

Figure 29. Schematic of Gaussian and non-Gaussian microwave quantum states preparation based on cavity electro-opto-mechanical converter^[86].

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图 30 引入光学参量放大器的电光力转换器示意图^[87]

Figure 30. Schematic of cavity electro-opto-mechanical converter introducing optical parametric amplifier^[87].

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图 31 Regal团队^[88]提出的量子态转移方案示意图

Figure 31. Schematic of quantum state transferring proposed by Regal’sgroup^[88].

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图 32 基于腔电光力系统的多通道量子路由器示意图^[89]

Figure 32. Schematic of multichannel quantum router based on cavity electro-opto-mechanical^[89].

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图 33 基于电光力转换器的预报式微波-光纠缠态制备方案示意图^[90]

Figure 33. Schematic of heraldedmicrowave-optical entanglement preparation based on cavity electro-opto-mechanical system^[90].

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表 1 5种主要腔光力系统的研究现状总结

Table 1. Summary for current research states of 5 main cavity optomechanical systems.

类别	品质因数水平	振子质量水平	振子频率水平	优势	不足
法布里-珀罗腔	10⁴	kg—pg	kHz—MHz	技术成熟, 应用广泛	品质因数水平较低, 耗散较大、不易集成
回音壁腔	10⁹(微球腔) 10⁸(微环腔)	ng—fg	MHz—GHz	光力耦合度高, 构造灵活, 腔内光子寿命长	工艺要求高、成本高
振动薄膜腔	10⁵	pg	MHz	结构简单、灵活	耗散较大、不易集成
光子晶体腔	10⁶	fg	GHz	可利用自由度多, 片上可扩展性好, 精确的模式控制	工艺复杂
超导微波腔	10⁷	pg	MHz	可高度集成, 与超导器件兼容, 腔的稳定性好, 热噪声水平低	超低温, 电磁噪声谱较宽

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表 2 基于腔光力系统的微波非经典量子态制备

Table 2. Preparations of non-classical quantum statesof microwave based on cavity opto-mechanical system

腔光力系统类型	作用类型	模式数	腔类型	制备的微波非经典量子态
腔电力系统	光子-声子	2	微波腔	连续变量微波纠缠态, 微波压缩态, 微波-机械振子谐振模纠缠态
腔电光力系统	光子-声子-光子	3	微波腔, 光腔	连续、离散变量微波纠缠态, 微波单光子Fock态, 微波-机械振子谐振模纠缠态, 微波-光纠缠态

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