Generation mechanism and simulation research of zipper phenomenon of pedestrian flow in corridor

Wu Xin-Sen; Yue Hao; Liu Qiu-Mei; Zhang Xu; Shao Chun-Fu

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20201626

Abstract

In this study, the unidirectional pedestrian flow in the corridor is taken as a research object, the generation mechanism of the pedestrian zipper phenomenon is analyzed, and a velocity correction model based on the Voronoi diagram is established for the simulation research. First, the generation mechanism of the pedestrian zipper phenomenon is analyzed from the perspective of optimal visual field and walking comfort of pedestrians. Then the visual attention and visual occlusion of pedestrians are used to describe the factors which affect the zipper deviation during pedestrian movement, the local density of pedestrians is used to describe the walking comfort of pedestrians, the zipper sensitivity coefficient is adopted to describe the willingness of pedestrians to move objectively, and the mechanism of lateral deviation of a single pedestrian is considered to obtain the optimal deviation position of pedestrians. Besides, the Voronoi diagram is introduced to effectively determine the pedestrians surrounding the target pedestrian within the visual field. And the influence of surrounding pedestrians with different distances and directions on the moving velocity of the target pedestrian based on the Voronoi diagram is considered. Then, a velocity correction model of pedestrians based on the Voronoi diagram is constructed, whether the pedestrian has a subjective willingness to deviate is considered, and the deviation rule is embedded to simulate and reproduce the zipper phenomenon of pedestrians. The simulation results truly reproduce the normal pedestrian flow through the corridor and show that our model can overcome the deficiency of the jitter and overlap phenomenon of the traditional social force model. The self-organized pedestrian flow with uniform distribution and the pedestrian zipper effect can also be observed. Furthermore, through the simulation results, we can see that the number of zipper layers for pedestrians is proportional to the width of the corridor. The comparison of simulated pedestrian data with the empirical data indicates that the fundamental diagram of velocity-density relation of our model is in good agreement with the empirical data. A comparison between with and without considering the zipper effect shows that the larger the proportion of pedestrians actively willing to laterally deviate, the more helpful it will be to improve the moving velocity, comfort and space utilization of pedestrians in the corridor.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport, Ministry of Transport, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
2.
College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China

Corresponding author: Yue Hao, hyue@bjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71771013, 71621001), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFF0301403), the Special Funds for Fundamental Scientific Research Operation Fees of Central Universities, China (Grant No. 2019JBM041), and the Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE) AcRF Tier 2 (Grant No. MOE2016-T2-1-044)

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References

[1]	Shiwakoti N, Sarvi M 2013 Transp. Res. C, Emerg. Technol. 37 260 Google Scholar
[2]	Guo R Y, Huang H J, Wong S C 2011 Transp. Res. B, Methodol. 45 490 Google Scholar
[3]	Duives D C, Daamen W, Hoogendoorn S P 2013 Transp. Res. C, Emerg. Technol. 37 193 Google Scholar
[4]	Zheng X, Zhong T, Liu M 2009 Build. Environ. 44 437 Google Scholar
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[7]	Zhu K, Yang Y, Shi Q 2016 Simul. Model. Pract. Theory. 69 31 Google Scholar
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[9]	李明华, 袁振洲, 许痰, 田钧方 2015 物理学报 64 018903 Google Scholar Li M H, Yuan Z Z, Tian J F 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 018903 Google Scholar
[10]	Yue H, Zhang B Y, Shao C F, Xing Y 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 050512
[11]	Helbing D, Farkas I, Vicsek T 2000 Nature 407 487 Google Scholar
[12]	Helbing D, Wemer T 2005 Transp. Sci. 39 1 Google Scholar
[13]	Hou L, Liu J G, Pan X, Wang B H 2014 Physica A 400 93 Google Scholar
[14]	Lv W, Song W G, Ma J, Fang Z 2013 IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 14 1753 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhao Y, Li M, Lu X, Tian L, Yu Z, Huang K, Wang Y, Li T 2017 Physica A 465 175 Google Scholar
[16]	Jia X L, Yue H, Tian X, Yin H H 2017 Simul.: Trans. Soc. Model. Simul. Int. 93 1013
[17]	Seer S, Brandle N, Ratti C 2014 Transp. Res. C, Emerg. Technol. 48 212 Google Scholar
[18]	Frank G A, Dorso C O 2011 Physica A 390 2135 Google Scholar
[19]	Seyfried A, Steffen B, Lippert T 2006 Physica A 368 232 Google Scholar
[20]	Parisi D R, Gilman M, Moldovan H 2009 Physica A 388 3600 Google Scholar
[21]	Lakoba T I, Kaup D J, Finkelstein N M 2005 Simul. Model. Pract. Theory. 81 339
[22]	Li S S, Qian D L, Wang J Z 2012 J. Jilin Univ., Eng. Technol. Ed. 42 623
[23]	Johansson A, Helbing D, Shukla P 2007 Adv. Complex Syst. 10 271
[24]	Moussaïd M, Helbing D, Garnier S, Johansson A, Combe M, Theraulaz G 2009 Proc. R. Soc. Biol. Sci. 276 2755 Google Scholar
[25]	Yu WJ, Chen R, Dong L Y, Dai S Q 2005 Phys. Rev. E 72 026112 Google Scholar
[26]	曹自强, 赛斌, 吕欣 2020 物理学报 69 084203 Google Scholar Cao Z Q, Sai B, Lu X 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 084203 Google Scholar
[27]	Xiao Y, Gao Z Y, Qu Y C, Li X 2016 Transp. Res. C, Emerg. Technol. 68 566 Google Scholar
[28]	Qu Y C, Xiao Y, Wu J J, Tang T, Gao Z Y 2018 Physica A 492 1153 Google Scholar
[29]	Moussaïd M, Helbing D, Theraulaz G 2011 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108 6884 Google Scholar
[30]	Hoogendoorn S P, Daamen W 2005 Transp. Sci. 39 147 Google Scholar
[31]	Seyfried A, Passon O, Steffen B, Boltes M, Rupprecht T, Klingsch W 2009 Transp. Sci. 43 395 Google Scholar
[32]	Porter E, Hamdar S H, Daamen W 2018 Transportmetrica A 14 468
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[36]	张磊, 岳昊, 李梅, 王帅, 米雪玉 2015 物理学报 64 060505 Google Scholar Zhang L, Yue H, Li M, Wang S, Mi X Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 060505 Google Scholar
[37]	Older S J 1968 Traff. Eng. Contr. 10 160
[38]	Mōri M, Tsukaguchi H 1987 Transp. Res. Part A 21 223 Google Scholar
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[40]	Weidmann U 1993 Transporttechnik der Fussgänger: Transporttechnische Eigenschaften des Fussgängerverkehrs (Literaturauswertung) (Institut für Verkehrsplanung, Transporttechnik, Strassen- und Eisenbahnbau (IVT), ETH Zürich)
[41]	Hankin B D, Wright R A 1958 J. Oper. Res. Soc. 9 81 Google Scholar

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图 1 瓶颈中的行人拉链现象^[30]

Figure 1. Zipper phenomena of pedestrians in a bottleneck^[30].

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图 2 不同通道宽度下的行人拉链现象^[33]

Figure 2. Zipper phenomenon of pedestrians under different channel widths^[33].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 两相邻行人同方向行走形态　(a)行人行走形态; (b)两行人行走并排形式; (c)两行人行走斜列形式; (d)两行人行走直列形式

Figure 3. Walking pattern of two adjacent pedestrians in the same direction: (a) The real single pedestrian walking pattern; (b) two adjacent pedestrians walking side by side; (c) two adjacent pedestrians walking in a diagonal pattern; (d) two adjacent pedestrians walking in a straight line.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 行人拉链现象表现形式　(a)单列行人截图^[33]与行人直列形式对比; (b)两列行人截图^[33]与行人直列、斜列形式对比; (c)多列行人截图^[33]与行人多种排列形式对比

Figure 4. Manifestation of pedestrian zipper phenomenon: (a) The comparison of single-column pedestrian screenshot^[33] with pedestrians in-line pattern; (b) the comparison of two-column pedestrian screenshot^[33] with pedestrians in-line and diagonal patterns; (c) the comparison of multi-column pedestrian screenshot^[33] with multiple arrangement patterns of pedestrians.

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图 5 有效视野区域内的行人视野关注和遮挡(橙色遮挡区域是目标行人最为关注和对目标行人影响最大的区域, 蓝色遮挡区域对目标行人的影响较弱)

Figure 5. Pedestrian vision attention and occlusion in the effective vision area (the orange shaded area is the area that the target pedestrian pay the most attention to and has the greatest influence on the target pedestrian, while the blue shaded area has a relatively weak influence on the target pedestrian).

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图 6 不同距离行人对目标行人视野的遮挡程度

Figure 6. Occlusion degree of the target pedestrian’s vision by surrounding pedestrians at different distances

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图 7 不同行人局部密度下的拉链现象示意(绿色、黄色、橙色分别表示行人局部密度由低到高)　(a)行人局部密度较低时; (b)行人局部密度较高时

Figure 7. The zipper phenomenon of pedestrians under different local density (green, yellow and orange respectively represent the local pedestrian density from low to high):(a) When the local pedestrian density is relatively low; (b) when the local pedestrian density is relatively high.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 不同偏离意愿下的拉链现象示意　(a)窄通道行人偏离意愿较低时; (b)窄通道行人偏离意愿较高时; (c) 宽通道行人偏离意愿较高时

Figure 8. Zipper phenomenon of pedestrians under different deviation intentions: (a) When the deviation intention of pedestrians in narrow corridors is relatively low; (b) when the deviation intention of pedestrians in narrow corridors is relatively high; (c) when the deviation intention of pedestrians in wide corridors is relatively high.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 行人拉链效应的稳定形态^[33]

Figure 9. Stable form of pedestrian zipper effect^[33].

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图 10 行人拉链效应的最佳形态

Figure 10. The best form of pedestrian zipper effect.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 行人基本单元的拉链稳定状态(阴影区域为目标行人正前方视野遮挡区域, 非阴影区域为目标行人有效可见视野区域)

Figure 11. Zipper stability state of pedestrian basic unit (the shadow area is the vision occlusion area and the non-shaded area is the effective visible area in front of the target pedestrian).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 行人投影区域

Figure 12. Projection area of pedestrians.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 13 行人拉链效应启动机制示意　(a)行人侧向位移前; (b)行人侧向位移后

Figure 13. Starting mechanism of pedestrian zipper effect: (a) Before lateral displacement of pedestrians; (b) after lateral displacement of pedestrians.

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图 14 考虑两侧多个行人的拉链效应偏移情况示意　(a)两侧均满足最佳视野; (b)仅一侧满足最佳视野; (c)两侧妥协后稳定视野

Figure 14. Deviation of zipper effect when consider multiple pedestrians on both sides: (a) Both sides meet the optimum field of vision; (b) only one side satisfies the optimal field of vision; (c) stabilize visual field after compromise on both sides.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 15 周围行人对目标行人的速度影响

Figure 15. Velocity effects of surrounding pedestrians on the target pedestrian.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 16 行人拉链效应偏移规则流程图

Figure 16. Flow diagram of pedestrian zipper effect deviation rules.

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图 17 有偏移速度的行人侧向偏移示意

Figure 17. Sideways deviation of pedestrians with deviation velocity.

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图 18 直通道行人循环流仿真过程截图($w = 3.5\;{\rm{ m}}$, $l = 10\;{\rm{ m}}$, $\kappa = 1$)

Figure 18. Screenshot of simulation process of pedestrian flow in the straight corridor ($w = 3.5\;{\rm{ m}}$, $l = 10\;{\rm{ m}}$, $\kappa = 1$).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 19 行人#4在不同仿真时间步的拉链效应偏移截图

Figure 19. Screenshot of zipper effect of pedestrian #4 at different simulation time steps.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 20 行人拉链层数与通道宽度关系

Figure 20. Relationship between the number of pedestrian zipper layers and the width of the corridor.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 21 直通道单向行人流基本图^[37-41](该模型仿真数据与实证数据(Older^[37], Mori^[38], Zhang^[39], Weidmann^[40], Hankin^[41])进行对比)

Figure 21. Fundamental diagram of unidirectional pedestrian flow in the corridor^[37-41]. Actual data (Older^[37], Mori^[38], Zhang^[39], Weidmann^[40], Hankin^[41]) are gathered to compare with our model.

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图 22 不同密度下行人主观偏移意愿占比与行人平均速度关系

Figure 22. Relationship between the proportion of pedestrian subjective deviation intention and pedestrian average velocity under different overall densities.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 23 不同密度下行人主观偏移意愿占比与行人平均局部密度关系

Figure 23. Relationship between the proportion of pedestrian subjective deviation intention and pedestrian average local density under different overall densities.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 速度修正模型参数取值

Table 1. Parameter values of velocity correction model.

参数	取值	单位	参数	取值
${v_0}$	1	${\rm{m/s}}$	${k_1}$	1
${r_i}$	0.3	${\rm{m}}$	${k_2}$	0.6
${d_1}$	0	${\rm{m}}$	${k_3}$	0.2
${d_2}$	0.5	${\rm{m}}$	${k_4}$	0
${d_3}$	0.25	${\rm{m}}$	${k_5}$	0.8
$\Delta t$	0.5	${\rm{s}}$	${k_6}$	0

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Shiwakoti N, Sarvi M 2013 Transp. Res. C, Emerg. Technol. 37 260 Google Scholar
[2]	Guo R Y, Huang H J, Wong S C 2011 Transp. Res. B, Methodol. 45 490 Google Scholar
[3]	Duives D C, Daamen W, Hoogendoorn S P 2013 Transp. Res. C, Emerg. Technol. 37 193 Google Scholar
[4]	Zheng X, Zhong T, Liu M 2009 Build. Environ. 44 437 Google Scholar
[5]	Blue V J, Adler J L 2000 Transp. Res. Rec. 1710 20 Google Scholar
[6]	Yue H, Wang S, Jia X L, Li J, Shao C F 2016 Simul.: Trans. Soc. Model. Simul. Int. 92 491
[7]	Zhu K, Yang Y, Shi Q 2016 Simul. Model. Pract. Theory. 69 31 Google Scholar
[8]	Burstedde C, Klauck K, Schadschneider A, Zittartz J 2001 Physica A 295 507 Google Scholar
[9]	李明华, 袁振洲, 许痰, 田钧方 2015 物理学报 64 018903 Google Scholar Li M H, Yuan Z Z, Tian J F 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 018903 Google Scholar
[10]	Yue H, Zhang B Y, Shao C F, Xing Y 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 050512
[11]	Helbing D, Farkas I, Vicsek T 2000 Nature 407 487 Google Scholar
[12]	Helbing D, Wemer T 2005 Transp. Sci. 39 1 Google Scholar
[13]	Hou L, Liu J G, Pan X, Wang B H 2014 Physica A 400 93 Google Scholar
[14]	Lv W, Song W G, Ma J, Fang Z 2013 IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 14 1753 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhao Y, Li M, Lu X, Tian L, Yu Z, Huang K, Wang Y, Li T 2017 Physica A 465 175 Google Scholar
[16]	Jia X L, Yue H, Tian X, Yin H H 2017 Simul.: Trans. Soc. Model. Simul. Int. 93 1013
[17]	Seer S, Brandle N, Ratti C 2014 Transp. Res. C, Emerg. Technol. 48 212 Google Scholar
[18]	Frank G A, Dorso C O 2011 Physica A 390 2135 Google Scholar
[19]	Seyfried A, Steffen B, Lippert T 2006 Physica A 368 232 Google Scholar
[20]	Parisi D R, Gilman M, Moldovan H 2009 Physica A 388 3600 Google Scholar
[21]	Lakoba T I, Kaup D J, Finkelstein N M 2005 Simul. Model. Pract. Theory. 81 339
[22]	Li S S, Qian D L, Wang J Z 2012 J. Jilin Univ., Eng. Technol. Ed. 42 623
[23]	Johansson A, Helbing D, Shukla P 2007 Adv. Complex Syst. 10 271
[24]	Moussaïd M, Helbing D, Garnier S, Johansson A, Combe M, Theraulaz G 2009 Proc. R. Soc. Biol. Sci. 276 2755 Google Scholar
[25]	Yu WJ, Chen R, Dong L Y, Dai S Q 2005 Phys. Rev. E 72 026112 Google Scholar
[26]	曹自强, 赛斌, 吕欣 2020 物理学报 69 084203 Google Scholar Cao Z Q, Sai B, Lu X 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 084203 Google Scholar
[27]	Xiao Y, Gao Z Y, Qu Y C, Li X 2016 Transp. Res. C, Emerg. Technol. 68 566 Google Scholar
[28]	Qu Y C, Xiao Y, Wu J J, Tang T, Gao Z Y 2018 Physica A 492 1153 Google Scholar
[29]	Moussaïd M, Helbing D, Theraulaz G 2011 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108 6884 Google Scholar
[30]	Hoogendoorn S P, Daamen W 2005 Transp. Sci. 39 147 Google Scholar
[31]	Seyfried A, Passon O, Steffen B, Boltes M, Rupprecht T, Klingsch W 2009 Transp. Sci. 43 395 Google Scholar
[32]	Porter E, Hamdar S H, Daamen W 2018 Transportmetrica A 14 468
[33]	Ren X X, Zhang J, Cao S C, Song W G 2019 J. Stat. Mech. 12 123204
[34]	金辉, 郭仁拥 2019 物理学报 68 020501 Google Scholar Jin H, Guo R Y 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 020501 Google Scholar
[35]	Fruin J J 1971 Pedestrian and Planning Design (New York: Metropolitan Association of Urban Designer and Environmental Planners Inc.)
[36]	张磊, 岳昊, 李梅, 王帅, 米雪玉 2015 物理学报 64 060505 Google Scholar Zhang L, Yue H, Li M, Wang S, Mi X Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 060505 Google Scholar
[37]	Older S J 1968 Traff. Eng. Contr. 10 160
[38]	Mōri M, Tsukaguchi H 1987 Transp. Res. Part A 21 223 Google Scholar
[39]	Zhang J, Klingsch W, Schadschneider A, Seyfried A 2011 J. Statist. Mech. - Theory Exp. 6 P06004
[40]	Weidmann U 1993 Transporttechnik der Fussgänger: Transporttechnische Eigenschaften des Fussgängerverkehrs (Literaturauswertung) (Institut für Verkehrsplanung, Transporttechnik, Strassen- und Eisenbahnbau (IVT), ETH Zürich)
[41]	Hankin B D, Wright R A 1958 J. Oper. Res. Soc. 9 81 Google Scholar

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