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As is well known, the on-chip waveguide with high Brillouin gain has many applications in the field of photonics. Brillouin lasers on silicon substrates are widely used in frequency tunable laser emission, mode-locked pulsed lasers, low-noise oscillators and optical gyroscopes. However, in a silicon-based Brillouin laser, a long waveguide length is still used to achieve Brillouin laser output, which is not conducive to on-chip integration. In this work is proposed a new type of waveguide structure consisting of chalcogenide As2S3 rectangles and an air slit. Owing to the existence of the air gap, the radiation pressure makes the enhancement of Brillouin nonlinearity much higher than the enhancement caused only by the material nonlinearity. This makes the Brillouin gain reach 1.78 × 105 W–1·m–1, which is nearly 10 times larger than the previously reported backward SBS gain of 2.88 × 104 W–1·m–1, resulting in phonon frequency tuning in a 4.2–7.0 GHz range. This method provides a new idea for designing nano-scaled optical waveguides for forward stimulated Brillouin scattering, and at the same time, this enhanced broadband coherent phonon emission paves the way for improving the hybrid on-chip CMOS signal processing technology.
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Keywords:
- Brillouin gain /
- air slit /
- tunable
[1] Stiller B, Foaleng S M, Beugnot J C, Lee M W, Delque M, Bouwmans G, Kudlinski A, Thevenaz L, Maillotte H, Sylvestre T 2010 Opt. Express 18 20136
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[3] Chin S, Gonzalez H M, Thevenaz L 2006 Opt. Express 14 10684
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[6] Sancho J, Chin S, Sagues M, Loayssa A, Lloret J, Gasulla I, Sales S, Thevenaz L, Capmany J 2010 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 22 1753
Google Scholar
[7] Sancho J, Primerov N, Chin S, Antman Y, Zadok A, Sales S, Thevenaz L 2012 Opt. Express 20 6157
Google Scholar
[8] Gundavarapu S, Brodnik G M, Puckett M, Huffman T, Bose D, Behunin R, Wu J F, Qiu T Q, Pinho C, Chauhan N, Nohava J, Rakich P T, Nelson K D, Salit M, Blumenthal D J 2018 Nat. Photonics 13 60
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Google Scholar
[14] Parameswaran K R, Route R K, Kurz J R, Roussev R V, Fejer M M, Fujimura M 2002 Opt. Lett. 27 179
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[15] Miller G D, Batchko R G, Tulloch W M, Fejer M M, Byer R L 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 1834
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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[20] Qiu W, Rakich P T, Shin H, Dong H, Soljačić M, Wang Z 2013 Opt. Express 21 31402
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[23] Rakich P T, Davids P, Wang Z 2010 Opt. Express 18 14439
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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图 1 (a)悬浮波导系统的结构示意图; (b)悬浮波导设计图, t＝215 nm, w＝800 nm, 空气细缝长度s = 2 nm, 高度h = 213 nm; (c)光学色散图示意图, 光共振由沿着整体色散曲线(实线)的离散点(红色和蓝色)表示; (d)泵浦光转换为Stokes光和声子示意图. 图中ks和kp分别代表Stoke光和泵浦光的波矢; ωs, ωp, Ω分别代表Stokes光、泵浦光以及产生的声子频率
Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the structure of the suspended waveguide system; (b) design drawing of floating waveguide, t = 215 nm, w = 800 m, air slit length s = 2 nm, height h=213 nm; (b) schematic diagram of optical dispersion diagram, optical resonance is represented by discrete points (red and blue) along the overall dispersion curve (solid line); (d) schematic diagram of pump light conversion to stokes light and phonons. In the figure, ks and kp represent the wave vectors of stoke light and pump light, respectively. ωs, ωp, and Ω represent Stokes light, pump light, and generated phonon frequencies, respectively.
图 2 波导的光学模式和辐射压力分布 (a)左侧辐射压力分布示意图; (b)−(d) Ex, Ey和Ez场分量的基本光学模式的导向横向轮廓
Figure 2. Optical mode and radiation pressure distribution of the waveguide: (a) Schematic diagram of the radiation pressure distribution on the left; (b)−(d) guiding lateral profiles of the fundamental optical modes of the Ex, Ey and Ez field components.
图 3 (a)不同声学模式下的声子振型图; (b) Q = 1000时, 不同声学模式下对应的布里渊增益
Figure 3. (a) Phonon shape diagram under different acoustic modes; (b) when Q = 1000, the corresponding Brillouin gain under different acoustic modes.
图 4 悬浮波导的6种声学模式. 显示了ux, uy分量的归一化最低一阶至六阶混合声波(E1−E6)的横向剖面
Figure 4. Six acoustic modes of a suspended waveguide, showing the transverse section of the normalized mixed sound waves (E1−E6) of lowest first to sixth order of the ux and uy components.
图 5 悬浮波导结构中光声耦合速率随波导长度变化的有限元模拟
Figure 5. Finite element simulation of the photoacoustic coupling rate varying with the length of the waveguide in the suspended waveguide structure.
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[1] Stiller B, Foaleng S M, Beugnot J C, Lee M W, Delque M, Bouwmans G, Kudlinski A, Thevenaz L, Maillotte H, Sylvestre T 2010 Opt. Express 18 20136
Google Scholar
[2] Chin S, Primerov N, Thevenaz L 2012 IEEE Sens. J. 12 189
Google Scholar
[3] Chin S, Gonzalez H M, Thevenaz L 2006 Opt. Express 14 10684
Google Scholar
[4] Boyd R W, Gauthier D J 2009 Science 326 1074
Google Scholar
[5] Chin S, Thevenaz L, Sancho J, Sales S, Capmany J, Berger P, Bourderionnet J, Dolfi D 2010 Opt. Express 18 22599
Google Scholar
[6] Sancho J, Chin S, Sagues M, Loayssa A, Lloret J, Gasulla I, Sales S, Thevenaz L, Capmany J 2010 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 22 1753
Google Scholar
[7] Sancho J, Primerov N, Chin S, Antman Y, Zadok A, Sales S, Thevenaz L 2012 Opt. Express 20 6157
Google Scholar
[8] Gundavarapu S, Brodnik G M, Puckett M, Huffman T, Bose D, Behunin R, Wu J F, Qiu T Q, Pinho C, Chauhan N, Nohava J, Rakich P T, Nelson K D, Salit M, Blumenthal D J 2018 Nat. Photonics 13 60
[9] Tow K H, Leguillon Y, Besnard P, Brilland L, Troles J, Toupin P, Mechin D, Tregoat D, Molin S 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 1157
Google Scholar
[10] Eggleton B J, Poulton C G, Pant R 2013 Adv. Opt. Photonics 5 536
Google Scholar
[11] Laer R V, Kuyken B, Thourhout D V, Baets R 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 1242
Google Scholar
[12] Jouybari S N 2018 Photonics Nanostruct. 29 8
Google Scholar
[13] Zhou L, Lu Y G, Fu Y Y, Ma H X, Du C L 2019 Opt. Express 27 24953
Google Scholar
[14] Parameswaran K R, Route R K, Kurz J R, Roussev R V, Fejer M M, Fujimura M 2002 Opt. Lett. 27 179
Google Scholar
[15] Miller G D, Batchko R G, Tulloch W M, Fejer M M, Byer R L 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 1834
Google Scholar
[16] Eggleton B J, Poulton C G, Rakich P T, Steel M J, Bahl G 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 1
Google Scholar
[17] Agrawal G P 2005 Lect. Notes Phys. 18 1
[18] Damzen M J, Vlad V I, Babin V, Mocofanescu A 2010 CRC Press 33 26
[19] Mirnaziry S R, Wolff C, Steel M J, Eggleton B J, Poulton C G 2016 Opt. Express 24 4786
[20] Qiu W, Rakich P T, Shin H, Dong H, Soljačić M, Wang Z 2013 Opt. Express 21 31402
Google Scholar
[21] Aryanfar I, Wolff C, Steel M J, Eggleton B J, Poulton C G 2014 Opt. Express 22 29270
Google Scholar
[22] Yu Z, Sun X 2018 Opt. Express 26 1255
Google Scholar
[23] Rakich P T, Davids P, Wang Z 2010 Opt. Express 18 14439
Google Scholar
[24] Chiao R, Townes C, Stoicheff B 1964 Phys. Rev. Lett. 12 592
Google Scholar
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