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Excellent optical absorbers are always characterized by high quality factors and perfect absorption; however, these absorbers usually encounter the ohmic losses due to traditional surface plasmon resonance, which limits their absorption performance in practical applications. To address the problem, a tunable bound state in the continuum (BIC) based on Fabry-Perot cavity is proposed in this work. Figure (a) shows the structural model of the designed Fabry-Perot cavity absorber, which consists of Ag as a substrate, a layer of the dielectric material Al2O3 above the Ag substrate, and a high-refractive-index grating as the top dielectric layer Si ridge. By adjusting the thickness parameter d of Al2O3, the transformation of BIC into q-BIC is achieved. Specifically, when d is increased from 273 nm to 298 nm, the BIC can be transformed into quasi-BIC, and the perfect absorption of the absorber in the continuum spectrum can be increased to 100%. In this work, the factors affecting the perfect absorption are explored by using the interference theory; theoretical calculations of the quasi-BIC are carried out by using the coupled mode theory and impedance matching theory; the physical mechanism of the BIC is explained by using the electric and magnetic field theory. The BIC is caused by the electric and magnetic dipole modes as well as the mirror image of the base Ag, which causes the interferential phase cancellation effect. Compared with the conventional absorber, the proposed absorber has excellent structural parameter robustness and a wide range of BIC modulation. More importantly, the absorber has excellent sensing performance with a maximum sensitivity of up to 34 nm/RIU and a maximum quality factor of 9.5. Last but not least, the absorber also achieves dual-frequency open-light performance, the maximum modulation depth and the minimum insertion loss of the dual-frequency switch reach 99.4% and 0.0004 dB, respectively. These findings have significant implications in the fields of photonics, optical communication, and sensor technology.
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Keywords:
- bound state in continuum /
- perfect absorption /
- coupled-mode theory /
- sensing
[1] Ali A, Mitra A, Aïssa B 2022 Nanomaterials 12 1027Google Scholar
[2] Chen Y, Ai B, Wong Z J 2020 Nano Converg. 7 18Google Scholar
[3] Martinez F, Maldovan M 2022 Mater. Today Phys. 27 100819Google Scholar
[4] Padilla W J, Fan K 2022 Metamaterial Eectromagnetic Wave Absorbers (Springer Nature) p12
[5] Nie G, Shi Q, Zhu Z, Shi J 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 201909Google Scholar
[6] Luo X, Liu Z, Wang L, Liu J, Lin Q 2018 Appl. Phys. Express 11 105102Google Scholar
[7] Lavchiev V M, Jakoby B, Hedenig U, Grille T, Irsigler P, Ritchie G, Kirkbride J, Lendl B SENSORS 2014 IEEE, Valencia, November 2–5, 2014 p645
[8] Ren Y, Cui W, Yang Z, Xiong B, Zhang L, Li Z, Lu S, Huo Y, Wu X, Li G 2024 Opt. Mater. 149 115073Google Scholar
[9] Jiang H, Sabarinathan J, Manifar T, Mittler S 2009 J. Lightwave Technol. 27 2264Google Scholar
[10] Tarumaraja K A, Menon P S, Said F A, Jamil N A, Ehsan A A, Shaari S, Majlis B Y, Jalar A 2016 IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronicsp, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, August 17–19, 2016 p79
[11] Lin H, Lin K T, Yang T, Jia B 2021 Adv. Mater. Technol. 6 2000963Google Scholar
[12] Boardman A D, Grimalsky V V, Kivshar Y S, Koshevaya S V, Lapine M, Litchinitser N M, Malnev V N, Noginov M, Rapoport Y G, Shalaev V M 2011 Laser Photonics Rev. 5 287Google Scholar
[13] Kowerdziej R, Ferraro A, Zografopoulos D C, Caputo R 2022 Adv. Opt. Mater. 10 2200750Google Scholar
[14] Jin R, Huang L J, Zhou C B, Guo J, Fu Z, Chen J, Wang J, Li X, Yu F, Chen J 2023 Nano Lett. 23 9105Google Scholar
[15] Zhou C B, Huang L J, Jin R, Xu L, Li G H, Rahmani M, Chen X S, Lu W, Miroshnichenko A E 2023 Laser Photonics Rev. 17 2200564Google Scholar
[16] Koshelev K, Bogdanov A, Kivshar Y 2019 Sci. Bull. 64 836Google Scholar
[17] Masoudian Saadabad R, Huang L J, Miroshnichenko A E 2021 Phys. Rev. B 104 235405Google Scholar
[18] Yuan L, Lu Y Y 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 4490Google Scholar
[19] Jordan P, Von Neumann J, Wigner E P 1993 The Collected Works of Eugene Paul Wigner: Part A: The Scientific Papers (Springer Berlin Heidelberg) p298
[20] Xie P, Liang Z C, Jia T T, Li D M, Chen Y X, Chang P J, Zhang H, Wang W 2021 Phys. Rev. B 104 125446Google Scholar
[21] Huang L J, Jin R, Zhou C B, Li G H, Xu L, Overvig A, Deng F, Chen X H, Lu W, Alù A, Miroshnichenko A E 2023 Nat. Commun. 14 3433Google Scholar
[22] Wan S, Qin C H, Wang K D, Li Y C, Guan C Y, Lv B, Li W J, Shi J H 2022 J. Appl. Phys. 131 213104Google Scholar
[23] Wu F, Qi X, Qin M B, Luo M, Long Y, Wu J J, Sun Y, Jiang H T, Liu T T, Xiao S Y, Chen H 2024 Phys. Rev. B 109 085436Google Scholar
[24] Wu F, Wu J J, Guo Z W, Jiang H T, Sun Y, Li Y H, Ren J, Chen H 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 12 014028Google Scholar
[25] Gao E D, Li H J, Liu C, Ruan B X, Li M, Zhang B H, Zhang Z 2022 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24 20125Google Scholar
[26] Moriasa K, Hasebe H, Sugimoto H, Fujii M 2023 J. Appl. Phys. 133 173102Google Scholar
[27] Wang Y X, Cui W, Ren Y, Li Z X, Zhang L, Lei W L, Huo Y S, He Z H 2024 Infrared Phys. Technol. 136 105091Google Scholar
[28] Ki Y G, Jeon H W, Kim S J 2024 Electronics 13 753Google Scholar
[29] Johnson P B, Christy R W 1972 Phys. Rev. B 6 4370Google Scholar
[30] Schinke C, Christian Peest P, Schmidt J, Brendel R, Bothe K, Vogt M R, Kröger I, Winter S, Schirmacher A, Lim S 2015 Aip Adv. 5 067168Google Scholar
[31] Malitson I H, Dodge M J 1972 J. Opt. Soc. Am 62 1405
[32] Alaee R, Farhat M, Rockstuhl C, Lederer F 2012 Opt. Express 20 28017Google Scholar
[33] Xie Y D, Liu Z M, Zhou F Q, Luo X, Cheng Z Q, Yang R H, Cheng J, Yang G X 2023 Diamond Relat. Mater. 137 110100Google Scholar
[34] Qing Y M, Ma H F, Cui T J 2018 Opt. Express 26 32442Google Scholar
[35] Li H J, Wang L L, Zhai X 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 36651Google Scholar
[36] Smith D, Vier D, Koschny T, Soukoulis C 2005 Phys. Rev. E 71 036617Google Scholar
[37] Wang Y X, Cui W, Wang X J, Lei W L, Li L Q, Cao X L, He H, He Z H 2022 Vacuum 206 111515Google Scholar
[38] Gao E D, Cao G T, Deng Y, Li H J, Chen X S, Li G H 2024 Opt. Laser Technol. 168 109840Google Scholar
[39] Li M, Li H J, Xu H, Xiong C X, Zhao M Z, Liu C, Ruan B X, Zhang B H, Wu K 2020 New J. Phys. 22 103030Google Scholar
[40] Kim M, Kim S, Kim S 2022 Sci. Rep. 12 1445Google Scholar
[41] Gao E D, Jin R, Fu Z C, Cao G T, Deng Y, Chen J, Li G H, Chen X S, Li H J 2023 Photonics Res. 11 456Google Scholar
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图 3 (a) Si/Al2O3/Ag超材料吸收器的吸收光谱和透射光谱; (b)参数d变化对吸收光谱的影响; (c) BIC和q-BIC与参数d的关系; (d) BIC的磁场分布; (e)BIC的电场分布
Figure 3. (a) Absorption and transmission spectra of Si/Al2O3/Ag metamaterial absorber; (b) effect of parameter d variation on the absorption spectra; (c) BIC and q-BIC versus parameter d; (d) magnetic field distribution of BIC; (e) electric field distribution of BIC.
图 8 (a)吸收器Δw的单元结构图; (b)吸收器Δh的单元结构图; (c)吸收器Δy的单元结构图; (d)参数Δw随波长变化的吸收光谱; (e)参数Δh随波长变化的吸收光谱; (f)参数Δy随波长变化的吸收光谱
Figure 8. (a) Unit structure diagram of absorber Δw; (b) unit structure diagram of absorber Δh; (c) unit structure diagram of absorber Δy; (d) absorption spectra of parameter Δw varying with wavelength; (e) absorption spectra of parameter Δh as a function of wavelength; (f) absorption spectra of parameter Δy as a function of wavelength.
图 9 w = 155 nm时, (a)光源偏振角α和(b)光源入射角θ对BIC的影响; 分别是w = 140 nm时, (c)光源偏振角α和(d)光源入射角θ对BIC的影响
Figure 9. Effects of (a) the light source polarization angle α and (b) incidence angle θ on the BIC at w = 155 nm, respectively; effects of (c) the light source polarization angle α and (d) incidence angle θ on the BIC at w = 140 nm, respectively.
图 10 (a)不同折射率下吸收器的吸收光谱; (b)不同折射率下吸收峰值和波长的变化; (c)不同折射率下半峰宽度和Q的变化; (d)不同折射率下灵敏度和品质因数的变化
Figure 10. (a) Absorption spectra of the absorber at different refractive indices; (b) variation of absorption peak and wavelength at different refractive indices; (c) variation of full width half maximum and Q at different refractive indices; (d) variation of sensitivity and figure of merit at different refractive indices.
表 1 本文吸收器的特性与文献进行比较
Table 1. Characterization of the absorber in this paper is compared with other published references.
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[1] Ali A, Mitra A, Aïssa B 2022 Nanomaterials 12 1027Google Scholar
[2] Chen Y, Ai B, Wong Z J 2020 Nano Converg. 7 18Google Scholar
[3] Martinez F, Maldovan M 2022 Mater. Today Phys. 27 100819Google Scholar
[4] Padilla W J, Fan K 2022 Metamaterial Eectromagnetic Wave Absorbers (Springer Nature) p12
[5] Nie G, Shi Q, Zhu Z, Shi J 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 201909Google Scholar
[6] Luo X, Liu Z, Wang L, Liu J, Lin Q 2018 Appl. Phys. Express 11 105102Google Scholar
[7] Lavchiev V M, Jakoby B, Hedenig U, Grille T, Irsigler P, Ritchie G, Kirkbride J, Lendl B SENSORS 2014 IEEE, Valencia, November 2–5, 2014 p645
[8] Ren Y, Cui W, Yang Z, Xiong B, Zhang L, Li Z, Lu S, Huo Y, Wu X, Li G 2024 Opt. Mater. 149 115073Google Scholar
[9] Jiang H, Sabarinathan J, Manifar T, Mittler S 2009 J. Lightwave Technol. 27 2264Google Scholar
[10] Tarumaraja K A, Menon P S, Said F A, Jamil N A, Ehsan A A, Shaari S, Majlis B Y, Jalar A 2016 IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronicsp, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, August 17–19, 2016 p79
[11] Lin H, Lin K T, Yang T, Jia B 2021 Adv. Mater. Technol. 6 2000963Google Scholar
[12] Boardman A D, Grimalsky V V, Kivshar Y S, Koshevaya S V, Lapine M, Litchinitser N M, Malnev V N, Noginov M, Rapoport Y G, Shalaev V M 2011 Laser Photonics Rev. 5 287Google Scholar
[13] Kowerdziej R, Ferraro A, Zografopoulos D C, Caputo R 2022 Adv. Opt. Mater. 10 2200750Google Scholar
[14] Jin R, Huang L J, Zhou C B, Guo J, Fu Z, Chen J, Wang J, Li X, Yu F, Chen J 2023 Nano Lett. 23 9105Google Scholar
[15] Zhou C B, Huang L J, Jin R, Xu L, Li G H, Rahmani M, Chen X S, Lu W, Miroshnichenko A E 2023 Laser Photonics Rev. 17 2200564Google Scholar
[16] Koshelev K, Bogdanov A, Kivshar Y 2019 Sci. Bull. 64 836Google Scholar
[17] Masoudian Saadabad R, Huang L J, Miroshnichenko A E 2021 Phys. Rev. B 104 235405Google Scholar
[18] Yuan L, Lu Y Y 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 4490Google Scholar
[19] Jordan P, Von Neumann J, Wigner E P 1993 The Collected Works of Eugene Paul Wigner: Part A: The Scientific Papers (Springer Berlin Heidelberg) p298
[20] Xie P, Liang Z C, Jia T T, Li D M, Chen Y X, Chang P J, Zhang H, Wang W 2021 Phys. Rev. B 104 125446Google Scholar
[21] Huang L J, Jin R, Zhou C B, Li G H, Xu L, Overvig A, Deng F, Chen X H, Lu W, Alù A, Miroshnichenko A E 2023 Nat. Commun. 14 3433Google Scholar
[22] Wan S, Qin C H, Wang K D, Li Y C, Guan C Y, Lv B, Li W J, Shi J H 2022 J. Appl. Phys. 131 213104Google Scholar
[23] Wu F, Qi X, Qin M B, Luo M, Long Y, Wu J J, Sun Y, Jiang H T, Liu T T, Xiao S Y, Chen H 2024 Phys. Rev. B 109 085436Google Scholar
[24] Wu F, Wu J J, Guo Z W, Jiang H T, Sun Y, Li Y H, Ren J, Chen H 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 12 014028Google Scholar
[25] Gao E D, Li H J, Liu C, Ruan B X, Li M, Zhang B H, Zhang Z 2022 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24 20125Google Scholar
[26] Moriasa K, Hasebe H, Sugimoto H, Fujii M 2023 J. Appl. Phys. 133 173102Google Scholar
[27] Wang Y X, Cui W, Ren Y, Li Z X, Zhang L, Lei W L, Huo Y S, He Z H 2024 Infrared Phys. Technol. 136 105091Google Scholar
[28] Ki Y G, Jeon H W, Kim S J 2024 Electronics 13 753Google Scholar
[29] Johnson P B, Christy R W 1972 Phys. Rev. B 6 4370Google Scholar
[30] Schinke C, Christian Peest P, Schmidt J, Brendel R, Bothe K, Vogt M R, Kröger I, Winter S, Schirmacher A, Lim S 2015 Aip Adv. 5 067168Google Scholar
[31] Malitson I H, Dodge M J 1972 J. Opt. Soc. Am 62 1405
[32] Alaee R, Farhat M, Rockstuhl C, Lederer F 2012 Opt. Express 20 28017Google Scholar
[33] Xie Y D, Liu Z M, Zhou F Q, Luo X, Cheng Z Q, Yang R H, Cheng J, Yang G X 2023 Diamond Relat. Mater. 137 110100Google Scholar
[34] Qing Y M, Ma H F, Cui T J 2018 Opt. Express 26 32442Google Scholar
[35] Li H J, Wang L L, Zhai X 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 36651Google Scholar
[36] Smith D, Vier D, Koschny T, Soukoulis C 2005 Phys. Rev. E 71 036617Google Scholar
[37] Wang Y X, Cui W, Wang X J, Lei W L, Li L Q, Cao X L, He H, He Z H 2022 Vacuum 206 111515Google Scholar
[38] Gao E D, Cao G T, Deng Y, Li H J, Chen X S, Li G H 2024 Opt. Laser Technol. 168 109840Google Scholar
[39] Li M, Li H J, Xu H, Xiong C X, Zhao M Z, Liu C, Ruan B X, Zhang B H, Wu K 2020 New J. Phys. 22 103030Google Scholar
[40] Kim M, Kim S, Kim S 2022 Sci. Rep. 12 1445Google Scholar
[41] Gao E D, Jin R, Fu Z C, Cao G T, Deng Y, Chen J, Li G H, Chen X S, Li H J 2023 Photonics Res. 11 456Google Scholar
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