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To realize the diversified applications of terahertz wave, a new method to realize 2-bit (4 states) coding metasurface with only two hybrid units is proposed, which combines the phase transition characteristics of VO2 and is different from the traditional metasurface. The metal wire threaded through the patch makes single-line control possible. The method of preparing the VO2 thin film and the voltage control mechanism make the design more practical. The highlight of this design is that the fixed structure array can encode different state sequences and then tune the reflected beam. On this basis, a visual design is carried out for the calculation of the coding metasurface array antenna by MATLAB. The state sequence and radiation results are predicted by actively setting the operating frequency, beam deflection angle, etc., so as to achieve active adjustment. The system does not limit the unit structure and is universal to all arrays that meet the coding conditions. In addition, a deep neural network is introduced into the array arrangement, and the structure sequence is predicted by algorithm training and verified by numerical calculation and full-wave simulation. The results show that the proposed method is effective in beam deflection angle and structure arrangement. This study presents a new way of actively and flexibly controlling terahertz waves, which has potential applications in terahertz imaging, phase-controlled radar, communication and other fields.
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Keywords:
- terahertz /
- coding metasurface /
- tunable /
- beam steering
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Google Scholar
Liu S G, Zhong R B 2009 J. Univ. Electron. Sci. Technol. China 38 481
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Liang P L, Dai J M 2015 Tech. Autom. Appl. 34 1 (in Chinese)
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[4] Cui T J, Qi M Q, Wan X, Zhao J, Cheng Q 2014 Light Sci. App. 3 e218
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[11] Wang Q, Rogers E T F, Gholipour B, Wang C M, Zheludev N I 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 60
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Shen S Y, Wang Y S, Chi Y J, Ma X Y, Yang Q H, Chen Z, Wen Q Y 2021 J. Terahertz Sci. Electron. Inform. Technol. 19 6
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[17] Li J, Yang Y, Li J N, Zhang Y T, Zhang Z, Zhao H L, Li F Y, Tang T T, Dai H T, Yao J Q 2020 Adv. Theory Simul. 3 1900183
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[18] Li J S, Li S H, Yao J Q 2020 Opt. Commun. 461 125186
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[33] Zeng H X 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation (Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
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图 1 编码单元A (a)和B (d)示意图(黄色为金属, 红色为VO2); VO2为金属态和绝缘态时编码单元A和B的(b), (e)反射幅度图及(c), (f)反射相位图; 在工作频率0.22 THz处, 编码单元A在(g)金属态和(h)绝缘态时电场分布; 编码单元B在(i)绝缘态和(j)金属态时电场分布
Figure 1. Model of unit A (a) and B (d) (The yellow part is the metal and the red part is VO2). Magnitude (b), (e) and phase (c), (f) of reflection for unit A and B when VO2 is in metallic state and insulation state. At operating frequency of 0.22 THz, the electric field distribution of unit A in the (g) metallic and (h) insulating state; the electric field distribution of unit B in the (i) metallic and (j) insulating state.
图 2 超表面天线阵列示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the metasurface antenna array.
图 3 单元阵列按照“ABAB······”周期排列, 预设角度不同时对应的状态序列的(a), (c)极坐标辐射图和(b), (d)直角坐标辐射图 (a), (b) 预设角度为15°; (c), (d)预设角度为30°. 图中标注出了实际主瓣波束偏转角度
Figure 3. Under the condition of different deflection angle, (a), (c) polar radiation map and (b), (d) cartesian radiation map of corresponding coding sequence when the structure arrays are arranged alternately by “ABAB······” : (a), (b) The deflection angle is 15°; (c), (d) the deflection angle is 30°. The actual deflection angle of main lobe beam is marked in the figures.
图 4 CST仿真辐射结果 (a) 状态序列为“121232323434341212121232” , 主瓣波束偏转角为15°; (b) 状态序列为“123234121212343412123234” , 主瓣波束偏转角为30°
Figure 4. CST simulation radiation: (a) State sequence of “121232323434341212121232”, the deflection angle of main lobe beam is 15°; (b) state sequence of “123234121212343412123234”, the deflection angle of main lobe beam is 30°.
图 5 (a) 深度神经网络示意图; (b) DNN预测误差曲线
Figure 5. (a) Structure of proposed DNN; (b) the training loss of DNN.
图 6 MATLAB (a), (c), (e)和CST (b), (d), (f)对不同偏转角的辐射验证 (a), (b) 35°; (c), (d) 45°; (e), (f) 55°. 图中标注出了实际偏转角度
Figure 6. Verification with different deflection angles by MATLAB (a), (c), (e) and CST (b), (d), (f): (a), (b) 35°; (c), (d) 45°; (e), (f) 55°. The actual deflection angle is marked in the figures.
表 2 单元B结构尺寸参数
Table 2. Geometric parameters of unit B.
参数 P l1 l2 w1 w2 b h d g 尺寸/μm 300 115 135 25 38 270 40 20 10 
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[1] 刘盛纲, 钟任斌 2009 电子科技大学报 38 481
Google Scholar
Liu S G, Zhong R B 2009 J. Univ. Electron. Sci. Technol. China 38 481
Google Scholar
[2] 梁培龙, 戴景民 2015 自动化技术与应用 34 1
Liang P L, Dai J M 2015 Tech. Autom. Appl. 34 1 (in Chinese)
[3] Chen H T, Padilla W J, Zide J M O, Gossard A C, Taylor A J, Averitt R D 2006 Nature 444 597
Google Scholar
[4] Cui T J, Qi M Q, Wan X, Zhao J, Cheng Q 2014 Light Sci. App. 3 e218
Google Scholar
[5] Liu S, Cui T J 2017 Adv. Opt. Mater. 5 1700624
Google Scholar
[6] Li J S, Yao J Q 2018 IEEE Photon. J. 10 1
Google Scholar
[7] Gao Y J, Xiong X, Wang Z, Chen F, Wang M 2020 Phys. Rev. X 10 031035
Google Scholar
[8] Gao L H, Cheng Q, Yang J, Ma S J, Zhao J, Liu S, Chen H B, He Q, Jiang W X, Ma H F 2015 Light Sci. Appl. 4 e324
Google Scholar
[9] Xiao B, Zhang Y, Tong S, Yu J, Xiao L 2020 Opt. Express 28 7125
Google Scholar
[10] Vasic B, Isi G, Beccherelli R, Zografopoulos D C 2019 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 26 1
Google Scholar
[11] Wang Q, Rogers E T F, Gholipour B, Wang C M, Zheludev N I 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 60
Google Scholar
[12] 沈仕远, 王元圣, 池瑶佳, 马新迎, 杨青慧, 陈智, 文岐业 2021 太赫兹科学与电子信息学报 19 6
Google Scholar
Shen S Y, Wang Y S, Chi Y J, Ma X Y, Yang Q H, Chen Z, Wen Q Y 2021 J. Terahertz Sci. Electron. Inform. Technol. 19 6
Google Scholar
[13] Yan D X, Meng M, Li J S, Li J N, Li X J 2020 Opt. Express 28 29843
Google Scholar
[14] Liu K, Lee S, Yang S, Delaire O, Wu J Q 2018 Mater. Today 21 875
Google Scholar
[15] 孙丹丹, 陈智, 文岐业, 邱东鸿, 赖伟恩, 董凯, 赵碧辉, 张怀武 2013 物理学报 62 017202
Google Scholar
Sun D D, Chen Z, Wen Q Y, Qiu D H, Lai W E, Dong K, Zhao B H, Zhang H W 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 017202
Google Scholar
[16] Li J, Li J T, Zhang Y T, Li J N, Yang Y, Zhao H L, Zheng C L, Li J H, Huang J, Li F Y, Tang T T, Yao J Q 2020 Opt. Commun. 460 124986
Google Scholar
[17] Li J, Yang Y, Li J N, Zhang Y T, Zhang Z, Zhao H L, Li F Y, Tang T T, Dai H T, Yao J Q 2020 Adv. Theory Simul. 3 1900183
Google Scholar
[18] Li J S, Li S H, Yao J Q 2020 Opt. Commun. 461 125186
Google Scholar
[19] Pan W M, Li J S, Zhou C 2021 Opt. Mater. Express 11 1070
Google Scholar
[20] 李佳辉, 张雅婷, 李吉宁, 李杰, 李继涛, 郑程龙, 杨悦, 黄进, 马珍珍, 马承启, 郝璇若, 姚建铨 2020 物理学报 69 228101
Google Scholar
Li J H, Zhang Y T, Li J N, Li J, Li J T, Zheng C L, Yang Y, Huang J, Ma Z Z, Ma C Q, Hao X R, Yao J Q 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 228101
Google Scholar
[21] Shabanpour J, Beyraghi S, Cheldavi A 2020 Sci. Rep. 10 8950
Google Scholar
[22] Li Z L, Wang W, Deng S X, Qu J, Li Y X, Lv B, Li W J, Gao X, Zhu Z, Guan C Y, Shi J H 2022 Opt. Lett. 47 441
Google Scholar
[23] Kim M, Jeong J, Poon J K S, Eleftheriades G V 2016 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 33 980
Google Scholar
[24] Tak J, Kantemur A, Sharma Y, Xin H 2018 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17 2008
Google Scholar
[25] Silva C R, Martins S R 2013 Opt. Technol. Lett. 55 1864
Google Scholar
[26] So S, Badloe T, Noh J, Bravo-Abad J, Rho J 2019 Nanophotonics 9 1041
Google Scholar
[27] Prado D R, Lopez-Fernandez J A, Arrebola M, Goussetis G 2018 48th European Microwave Conference (EuMC) Madrid Septemper 23, 2018 1545
[28] Hou J J, Lin H, Xu W L, Tian Y Z, Wang Y, Shi X T, Deng F, Chen L J 2020 IEEE Access 8 211849
Google Scholar
[29] Ma W, Cheng F, Liu Y M 2018 ACS Nano 12 6326
Google Scholar
[30] Fan F, Gu W H, Chen S, Wang X H, Chang S J 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 1582
Google Scholar
[31] Zhao Y C, Zhang Y X, Shi Q W, Liang S X, Huang W X, Kou W, Yang Z Q 2018 ACS Photonics 5 3040
Google Scholar
[32] Shen X M 2003 The 13th Annual Conference of Electronic Countermeasures Branch of Chinese Society of Electronics Guilin October 1, 2003 p506 (in Chinese) [沈喜明 2003 中国电子学会电子对抗分会第十三届学术年会论文集. 桂林 第506页]
[33] Zeng H X 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation (Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[34] Ghorbani F, Beyraghi S, Shabanpour J, Oraizi H, Soleimani H, Soleimani M 2021 Sci. Rep. 11 7102
Google Scholar
[35] Malkiel I, Mrejen M, Nagler A, Arieli U, Wolf L, Suchowski H 2018 Light Sci. Appl. 7 1
Google Scholar
[36] Sharma Y, Zhang H H, Xin H 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 5658
Google Scholar
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