Encoding terahertz metasurface reflectors based on geometrical phase modulation

Jiang Zai-Chao; Gong Zheng; Zhong Yun-Xiang; Cui Bin; Zou Bin; Yang Yu-Ping

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230989

Abstract

Multi-dimension and multi-freedom modulation of polarization state based on the geometrical-phase periodic encoding metasurface has important application prospects. Here, terahertz metasurface composed of specially shaped metal pattern coded particles is proposed. When the coded particles are normally incident, the amplitude reflectivity of the terahertz wave is above 80% in a range of 0.50–1.80 THz. Combined with the Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) phase theory, 8 kinds of coded particles are designed by rotating the angle of the designed unit. Three kinds of 1-bit, 2-bit, and 3-bit periodic encoding metasurfaces with different encoding sequences are used to manipulate the reflected terahertz waves splitting into multiple-beam with different deflection angles. In addition, both reflection characteristics (including amplitude, phase, and phase coverage) of all coded particles and the angle deflection of the designed 2-bit periodic metasurface are measured by normal incidence THz time-domain spectrometer and variable incident angle THz time-domain spectrometer, respectively. Based on generalized Snell law and experimental results, the reason for the discrepancy between theoretical value and experimental value is further analyzed, which can provide a reference for the reverse design of the coded metasurfaces to meet various practical needs.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
2.
Engineering Research Center of Photonic Design Soft Wave, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China

Corresponding author: Zou Bin, zoubin@muc.edu.cn ; Yang Yu-Ping, ypyang@muc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2020YFB2009303, 2017YFB00405402) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62075248).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 反射式太赫兹时域光谱仪的结构示意图　(a) 正入射; (b) 变角度

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of THz-TDS systems in reflection mode: (a) Normal incidence; (b) variable angle.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a) 编码粒子的结构示意图; (b) 圆偏振波正入射下单元的同偏振和交叉偏振的振幅反射率; 三个谐振频率处结构单元的表面电场(c)、表面电流(d)和背面电流(e)的分布图

Figure 2. (a) Structure of coded particle; (b) co-polarization and cross-polarization amplitude reflectivities of the unit under normal incidence of circularly polarized waves; distribution diagrams of the front surface electric field (c), front surface current (d), and rear surface current (e) of the structural unit at three resonant frequencies.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 不同旋转角α对应的(a)八个超表面编码粒子、(b)交叉偏振反射率和(c)反射相位

Figure 3. (a) Eight coded particles and the corresponding cross-polarized amplitude reflection (b) and phase (c) at different rotation angles α

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 1.5 THz 线偏振波法向入射下1-bit编码超表面的远场散射图　(a) 3D远场散射图; (b) 2D远场散射图

Figure 4. Far-field scattering patterns of 1-bit encoded metasurface under normal incidence of LP waves at 1.5 THz: (a) 3D far-field scattering pattern; (b) 2D far-field scattering map.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 1.5 THz线偏振(LP)波法向入射下2-bit编码超表面的远场散射图, 其中(a) 3D远场散射, (b) 2D远场散射; 1.5 THz圆偏振(CP)波法向入射下2-bit编码超表面2D远场散射图, 其中(c)右旋圆偏振(RCP), (d)左旋圆偏振(LCP)

Figure 5. Far-field scattering patterns of 2-bit encoded metasurface under normal incidence of LP waves at 1.5 THz: (a) 3D far-field scattering pattern; (b) 2D far-field scattering map. 2D far-field scattering patterns of 2-bit encoded metasurface under normal incidence of CP waves at 1.5 THz: (c) RCP; (d) LCP.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 LP波法向入射下3-bit编码超表面和相同尺寸的裸金属板的远场散射图　(a) 1.50 THz处编码超表面的3D远场散射图; (b) 1.60 THz处编码超表面的3D远场散射图; (c) 1.70 THz处编码超表面的3D远场散射图; (d) 1.80 THz处编码超表面的3D远场散射图; (e) 1.50 THz处编码超表面的2D远场散射图; (f) 1.60 THz处编码超表面的2D远场散射图; (g) 1.70 THz处编码超表面的2D远场散射图; (h) 1.80 THz处编码超表面的2D远场散射图; (i) 1.50 THz处裸金属板的2D远场散射图; (j) 1.60 THz处裸金属板的2D远场散射图; (k) 1.70 THz处裸金属板的2D远场散射图; (l) 1.80 THz处裸金属板的2D远场散射图

Figure 6. Far-field scattering patterns of a 3-bit encoded metasurface and a bare metal plate under normal incidence of LP waves: 3D far-field scattering pattern of the encoded metasurface at 1.50 (a), 1.60 (b), 1.70 (c) and 1.8 THz (d); 2D far-field scattering pattern of the encoded metasurface at 1.50 (e), 1.60 (f), 1.70 (g) and 1.80 THz (h); 2D far-field scattering pattern of bare metal plate at 1.50 (i), 1.60 (j), 1.70 (k) and 1.80 THz (l).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 各个编码单元的反射特性测试结果　(a) 时域波形图; (b) FFT频谱图; (c) 反射率; (d) 反射相移

Figure 7. Reflection characteristics of each encoding unit: (a) Time-domain waveforms; (b) FFT spectra; (c) reflectivity; (d) phase shift.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 不同反射角度下2-bit编码超表面的反射特性测试结果　(a)时域波形图; (b)时域信号最大值E_p; (c) 1.00, 1.50和1.80 THz的振幅反射率.

Figure 8. Reflection characteristics of 2-bit coded metasurface under different reflection angles: (a) Time-domain waveforms; (b) the maximum value E_p of the time-domain signal; (c) the frequency components at 1.00, 1.50 and 1.80 THz.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Chen M L, Jiang L J, Sha W 2017 IEEE Antennas. Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17 110 Google Scholar
[2]	Fu X, Liang H W, Li J T 2021 Front. Optoelectron 14 170 Google Scholar
[3]	Ali S, Davies J R, Mendonca J T 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 035001 Google Scholar
[4]	Zhang X Q, Tian Z, Yue W S, Gu J Q, Zhang S, Han J G, Zhang W L 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 4567 Google Scholar
[5]	Gollub J N, Yurduseven O, Trofatter K P, Arnitz D, Lmani M F, Sleasman T, Boyarsky M, Rose A 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 42650 Google Scholar
[6]	Lee G Y, Yoon G, Lee S Y, Yun H, Cho J, Lee K, Kim H, Rho J, Lee B 2018 Nanoscale 10 4237 Google Scholar
[7]	Cai T, Wang G M, Xu H X, Tang S W, Li H P, Liang J G, Zhuang Y Q 2017 Annalen der Physik 530 1700321 Google Scholar
[8]	Wang X, Ding J, Zheng B, An S, Zhai G, Zhang H 2018 Sci. Rep. 8 1876 Google Scholar
[9]	Chen, Z, Hui D, Xiong Q, Chen L 2018 Appl. Phys. A 124 281 Google Scholar
[10]	Lei L, Li S, Huang H, Tao K, Xu P 2018 Opt. Express 26 5686 Google Scholar
[11]	Ghosh S, Lim S 2018 Sci. Rep. 8 10169 Google Scholar
[12]	Ni X, Wong Z J, Mrejen M, Wang Y, Zhang X 2015 Science 349 1310 Google Scholar
[13]	Biswas S R, Gutiérrez C E, Nemilentsau A, Lee I, Oh S, Avouris P, Low T 2018 Phys. Rev. Appl. 9 3034021 Google Scholar
[14]	Peng Y X, Wang K J, He M D, Luo J H, Zhang X M 2018 Opt. Commun. 412 1 Google Scholar
[15]	Liu M Z, Zhu W Q, Huo P C, Feng L, Song M W, Zhang C, Chen L, Lezec Henri J, Lu Y Q, Agrawal A, Xu T 2021 Light: Sci. Appl. 10 107 Google Scholar
[16]	Hosseininejad S E, Rouhi K, Neshat M, Aparicio A C, Alarcon E 2019 IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol 18 734 Google Scholar
[17]	Jiang Y N, Wang L, Wang J, Akwuruoha C N, Cao W P 2017 Opt. Express 25 27616 Google Scholar
[18]	Qi Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhang T, Wang X 2020 Results Phys. 16 103012 Google Scholar
[19]	Hu J, Bandyopadhyay S, Liu Y, Shao L 2021 Front. Phys. 8 586087 Google Scholar
[20]	Yao J, Lin R, Chen M K, Tsai D P 2023 Advanced Photonics 5 024001 Google Scholar
[21]	Cui T J, Qi M Q, Wan X, Zhao J, Cheng Q 2014 Light Sci. Appl. 3 e218 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhang L, Wu R Y, Bai G D, Wu H T, Ma Q, Chen X Q, Cui T J 2018 Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1802205 Google Scholar
[23]	Li F F, Fang W, Chen P, Poo Y 2018 Opt. Express 26 33878 Google Scholar
[24]	Wu R Y, Zhang L, Bao L, Wu L W, Ma Q, Bai G D, Wu H T, Cui T J 2019 Adv. Opt. Mater. 7 1801429 Google Scholar
[25]	Bai G D, Ma Q, Shahid I, Bao L, Jing H B, Zhang L, Wu H T, Wu R Y, Zhang H C, Yang C, Cui T J 2018 Adv. Opt. Mater. 6 1800657 Google Scholar
[26]	Fu X M, Wang J F, Fan Y, Yang J, Li Y F, Yan M B, Zhang J Q, Qu S B 2019 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 52 115103 Google Scholar
[27]	Wang J, Jiang Y 2018 Opt. Commun. 416 125 Google Scholar
[28]	Fang Q H, Wu L P, Pan W K, Li M H, Dong J F 2020 Appl. Phys. Lett. 117 074102 Google Scholar
[29]	Kiani M, Tayarni M, Momeni A, Rajabalipanah H, Abdolali A 2020 Opt. Express 28 5410 Google Scholar
[30]	Zhang N, Chen K, Zheng Y, Hu Q, Qu K, Zhao J, Wang J, Feng Y 2020 IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Circuits Syst. 10 20 Google Scholar
[31]	Qi Y P, Zhang B H, Liu C Q, Deng X Y 2020 IEEE Access 8 116675 Google Scholar
[32]	Zheng C, Li J, Wang G, Li J, Wang S, Li M, Zhao H, Yue Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yao J 2021 Nanophotonics 10 1347 Google Scholar
[33]	Tan Z Y, Fan F, Chang S J 2020 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 26 1 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhao T, Jing X, Tang X, Bie X, Luo T, Gan H, He Y, Li C, Hong Z 2021 Opt. Laser Eng. 141 106556 Google Scholar
[35]	Yu N, Genevet P, Kats M A, et al. 2011 Science 334 333 Google Scholar
[36]	张腾, 王丽艳, 王新源, 崔彬, 杨玉平 2019 红外与毫米波学报 38 733 Google Scholar Zhang T, Wang L, Wang X, Cui B, Yang Y 2019 J. Infrared Millim. Waves 38 733 Google Scholar
[37]	Wang Q, Plum E, Yang Q, Zhang X, Xu Q, Xu Y, Han J, Zhang W 2018 Light: Sci. Appl. 7 25 Google Scholar
[38]	Tan Y, Qu K, Chen K, et al. 2022 Adv. Opt. Mater. 10 2200565 Google Scholar

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