Vanadium dioxide based terahertz dual-frequency multi-function coding metasurface

Wang Jing-Li; Dong Xian-Chao; Yin Liang; Yang Zhi-Xiong; Wan Hong-Dan; Chen He-Ming; Zhong Kai

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20222321

Abstract

Terahertz (THz) wave has the advantages of low photon energy, high resolution, large communication bandwidth, etc. It has broad application prospects in security detection, high-resolution imaging, high-speed communication, and other fields. In recent years, as a new way to control THz wave, THz metasurface functional devices have attracted extensive attention of researchers. In this work, vanadium dioxide (VO₂), a phase change material, is introduced into the coding metasurface. By regulating a circularly polarized wave and the orthogonal linearly polarized waves independently, a multi-function coding metasurface that can work at dual frequency points is obtained. It is composed of three layers. The top layer is a metal-VO₂ composite structure. The middle is a polyimide dielectric layer. The bottom is a metal ground. Under certain conditions, the double split ring resonator (DSRR) and the cross structure in the top layer are relatively independent. Designing the coding sequences for them enable the coding metasurface to have multiple functions. The electromagnetic simulation software CST is used to establish model and conduct simulation, and the obtained results are as follows. When the VO₂ is in an insulating state and a circularly polarized wave at 0.34 THz is incident vertically, the characteristics of coding metasurface elements are mainly affected by the DSRR. The DSRR is rotated to meet the requirements of 3-bit Pancharatnam-Berry phase coding. The coding sequence is designed to generate vortex beams with the topological charge l = ±1 at a specific angle. The VO₂ state is changed into a metallic state, and the DSRR can be equivalent to a metal ring. When the orthogonal linearly polarized wave at 0.74 THz is incident vertically, the characteristics of coding metasurface elements are mainly affected by the cross structure. Because of its anisotropy, four different 2-bit coding metasurface elements can be obtained respectively by changing the length of the horizontal arm and the vertical arm. The design of appropriate coding sequences can reduce the radar cross section of the x-polarized wave and the beam splitting of the y-polarized wave, and the results have broadband characteristics. Multiple coding sequences can be designed by special characteristics of the coding metasurface, then various expected functions can be realized on the same metasurface. It solves the problem of single function of ordinary metasurface devices to a certain extent, and paves a novel way to the development of THz multi-function systems.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
2.
Bell Honors School, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
3.
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education on Optoelectronic Information Technology, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

Corresponding author: Wang Jing-Li, jlwang@njupt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12174199, 61571237), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant Nos. BK20221330, BK20151509), and the Horizontal Program (Study of Multi-Function Terahertz Antennas) (Grant No. 2021external 323).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 编码超表面单元示意图　(a) 单元结构; (b) 旋转结构

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the coding metasurface unit cell: (a) Unit cell structure; (b) rotation structure.

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图 2 CP波垂直入射下, 编码超表面单元的同极化反射幅度和反射相位　(a) LCP波; (b) RCP波

Figure 2. Co-polarized reflection amplitude and reflection phase of eight unit cells under the vertical incidence of CP wave: (a) LCP wave; (b) RCP wave.

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图 3 8个3-bit编码超表面单元

Figure 3. Eight 3-bit coding metasurface unit cells.

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图 4 2-bit编码超表面单元　(a) x极化波垂直入射, 4种不同l_x的单元; (b) y极化波垂直入射, 4种不同l_y的单元

Figure 4. 2-bit coding metasurface unit cells: (a) Four different l_x unit cells under the vertical incidence of x-polarized wave; (b) four different l_y unit cells under the vertical incidence of y-polarized wave.

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图 5 LP波垂直入射下, 单元的反射幅度和反射相位　(a) x极化波; (b) y极化波

Figure 5. Reflection amplitude and reflection phase of unit cells under the vertical incidence of LP wave: (a) x-polarized wave; (b) y-polarized wave.

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图 6 编码超表面及部分示意图　(a) 编码序列A示意图; (b) 编码序列B示意图; (c) 编码序列C示意图

Figure 6. Schematic of the coding metasurface and section: (a) Coding sequence A diagram; (b) coding sequence B diagram; (c) coding sequence C diagram.

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图 7 产生垂直涡旋波束的编码序列及3D远场方向图　(a) 编码序列; (b) 3D远场方向图

Figure 7. Coding sequence of vortex beam generation and 3D far-field pattern: (a) Coding sequence; (b) 3D far-field pattern.

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图 8 沿X方向012346701234567···排列的编码序列

Figure 8. Coding sequence arranged in X direction according to 012346701234567···

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图 9 产生异常反射角度为42.26°的涡旋波束编码序列A

Figure 9. Coding sequence A for generating vortex beam with abnormal reflection angle of 42.26°.

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图 10 CP波垂直入射下编码超表面的3D远场方向图和2D远场方向图　(a) LCP波垂直入射下的3D远场方向图; (b) RCP波垂直入射下的3D远场方向图; (c) LCP波垂直入射下的2D远场方向图; (d) RCP波垂直入射下的2D远场方向图

Figure 10. 3D far-field pattern and 2D far-field pattern of coding metasurface under the vertical incidence of CP wave: (a) 3D far-field pattern under the vertical incidence of LCP wave; (b) 3D far-field pattern under the vertical incidence of RCP wave; (c) 2D far-field pattern under the vertical incidence of LCP wave; (d) 2D far-field pattern under the vertical incidence of RCP wave.

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图 11 2-bit随机编码序列B

Figure 11. 2-bit random coding sequence.

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图 12 0.74 THz处编码超表面的3D远场方向图

Figure 12. 3D far-field pattern of coding metasurface at 0.74 THz.

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图 13 编码超表面的RCS缩减量

Figure 13. RCS reduction of coding metasurface.

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图 14 2-bit棋盘格编码序列C

Figure 14. Coding metasurface C of 2-bit chessboard.

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图 15 在f₂ = 0.74 THz 的y极化波垂直入射下编码超表面的3D远场方向图

Figure 15. 3D far-field pattern of coding metasurface under the vertical incidence of y-polarized wave at 0.74 THz.

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图 16 y极化波垂直入射下编码超表面在极坐标中的2D远场方向图

Figure 16. 2D far-field patterns of coding metasurface in polar coordinates under the vertical incidence of y-polarized wave.

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[1]	Zi J C, Xu Q, Wang Q, Tian C X, Li Y F, Zhang X X, Han J G, Zhang W L 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 113 101104 Google Scholar
[2]	Asl A B, Rostami A, Amiri I S 2020 Opt. Quant. Electron. 52 155 Google Scholar
[3]	Gaufillet F, Marcellin S, Akmansoy É 2016 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 23 4700605
[4]	Zhu J F, Ma Z F, Sun W J, Ding F, He Q, Zhou L, Ma Y G 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 021102 Google Scholar
[5]	Xu W D, Xie L J, Zhu J F, Xu X, Ye Z Z, Wang C, Ma Y G, Ying Y B 2016 ACS Photonics 3 2308 Google Scholar
[6]	Luo J, Liang J G, Yu Y, Ma H, Yang R S, Fan Y C, Wang G M, Cai T 2020 Adv. Opt. Mater. 8 2000449 Google Scholar
[7]	Peng L, Jiang X, Li S M 2018 Nanoscale Res. Lett. 13 385 Google Scholar
[8]	Cheng Z Z, Cheng Y Z 2019 Opt. Commun. 435 178 Google Scholar
[9]	Zhou C, Peng X Q, Li J S 2020 Optik 216 164937 Google Scholar
[10]	王羚, 高峰, 滕书华, 谭志国, 张星, 娄军, 邓力 2023 光学学报 43 0324001 Google Scholar Wang L, Gao F, Teng S H, Tan Z G, Zhang X, Lou J, Deng L 2023 Acta Opt. Sin. 43 0324001 Google Scholar
[11]	Cui T J, Qi M Q, Wan X, et al. 2014 Light-sci. Appl. 3 e218 Google Scholar
[12]	Liu S, Zhang L, Yang Q L, et al. 2016 Adv. Opt. Mater. 4 1965 Google Scholar
[13]	Cheng J, Li J S 2022 Opt. Commun. 524 128758 Google Scholar
[14]	Bai G D, Ma Q, Iqbal S, et al. 2018 Adv. Opt. Mater. 6 1800657 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhang P, Li L, Zhang X M, Liu H X, Shi Y 2019 IEEE Access 7 110387 Google Scholar
[16]	Guo W L, Wang G M, Luo X Y, Hou H S, Chen K, Feng Y J 2020 Ann. Phys-berlin. 532 1900472 Google Scholar
[17]	Liu S, Cui T J, Xu Q, et al. 2016 Light-sci. Appl. 5 e16076 Google Scholar
[18]	Li J, Li J T, Yang Y, et al. 2020 Carbon 163 34 Google Scholar
[19]	Shabanpour J, Sedaghat M, Nayyeri V, Oraizi H, Ramahi O M 2021 Opt. Express 29 14525 Google Scholar
[20]	Li J, Yang Y, Li J N, Zhang Y T, Zhang Z, Zhao H L, Li F Y, Tang T T, Dai H T, Yao J Q 2020 Adv. Theory. Simul. 3 1900183 Google Scholar
[21]	Lin Q W, Wong H, Huitema L, Crunteanu A 2022 Adv. Opt. Mater. 10 2101699 Google Scholar
[22]	Lu C, Lu Q J, Gao M, Lin Y 2021 Nanomaterials 11 114 Google Scholar
[23]	Li J, Zhang Y T, Li J N, Yan X, Liang L J, Zhang Z, Huang J, Li J H, Yang Y, Yao J Q 2019 Nanoscale 11 5746 Google Scholar
[24]	Wang H, Ling F, Zhang B 2020 Opt. Express 28 36316 Google Scholar
[25]	Yu S X, Li L, Shi G M 2016 Appl. Phys. Express 9 082202 Google Scholar
[26]	Liu X B, Wang Q, Zhang X Q, et al. 2019 Adv. Opt. Mater. 7 1900175 Google Scholar
[27]	Zhao Y C, Zhang Y X, Shi Q W, Liang S X, Huang W X, Kou W, Yang Z Q 2018 ACS Photonics 5 3040 Google Scholar
[28]	Shabanpour J 2020 J. Mater. Chem. C 8 7189 Google Scholar
[29]	Song Z Y, Wei M L, Wang Z S, Cai G X, Liu Y N, Zhou Y G 2019 IEEE Photonics J. 11 4600607 Google Scholar
[30]	Zhang C H, Zhou G C, Wu J B, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 11 054016 Google Scholar
[31]	Ran Y Z, Liang J G, Cai T, Li H P 2018 Opt. Commun. 427 101 Google Scholar
[32]	Liu S, Cui T J, Zhang L, et al. 2016 Adv. Sci. 3 1600156 Google Scholar
[33]	Yu N F, Genevet P, Kats M A, Aieta F, Tetienne J P, Capasso F, Gaburro Z 2011 Science 334 333 Google Scholar
[34]	Yu P, Besteiro L V, Huang Y J, et al. 2019 Adv. Opt. Mater. 7 1800995 Google Scholar
[35]	Zhang M, Cao M S, Shu J C, Cao W Q, Li L, Yuan J 2021 Mat. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 145 100627 Google Scholar
[36]	Liu X, Gao J, Xu L M, Cao X Y, Zhao Y, Li S J 2016 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 16 724 Google Scholar
[37]	Wu L W, Ma H F, Gou Y, Wu R Y, Wang Z X, Xiao Q, Cui T J 2022 Nanophotonics 11 2977 Google Scholar
[38]	封覃银, 裘国华, 严德贤, 李吉宁, 李向军 2022 中国光学 15 387 Google Scholar Feng T Y, Qiu G H, Yan D X, Li J N, Li X J 2022 Chin. Opt. 15 387 Google Scholar

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