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Acoustic signals can travel thousands of kilometers in seawater, and the characteristics of long-range sound propagation are different from short range propagation. This paper is based on a long-range underwater acoustic experimental data obtained from the western Pacific Ocean, where the farthest propagation distance is nearly 2000 km. The ocean environment information and vertical line array information are carefully processed. We analyze the attenuation of long-distance acoustic propagation in seawater and multi-path arrival structure characteristics under the complete acoustic channel environment of the ocean. In terms of the attenuation law of long-distance propagation energy, with the increase of propagation distance, the effect of seawater absorption on the attenuation of sound energy becomes prominent, and the selection of absorption coefficient is very important for the accurate prediction of sound field energy. Absorption in seawater of low frequency signals is small, and the transmission loss of acoustic signal with 100 Hz center frequency increases only by about 6 dB when the propagation distance increases from 1000 km to 2000 km. In terms of multi-path arrival structure characteristics of deep-sea acoustic channel for long-distance sound propagation, the thermocline sound velocity profile in the experimental sea area has a higher sound speed, making the number of eigenrays reaching the receiving point more and the multi-path arrival structure more complex. The arrival structure formed by sea surface reflected eigenrays is at the earlier position of the overall arrival structure and has relatively strong energy. Owing to the influence of subtropical water over the northwest Pacific Ocean on the sound speed profile, the time of some eigenrays arriving at the receiving point is earlier, and the length of multi-way arrival structure on the time axis is prolonged.
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Keywords:
- long-rang sound propagation /
- transmission loss /
- arrival structure
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[11] 张仁和, 何怡 1994 自然科学进展: 国家重点实验室通讯 6 32
Zhang R H, He Y 1994 Prog. Nat. Sci. 6 32
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Google Scholar
Qin J X, Zhang R H, Luo W Y, Wu L X, Jiang L, Zhang B 2014 Acta Acust. 39 145
Google Scholar
[13] Colosi J A, Scheer E K, Flatté S, et al. 1999 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105 3202
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Wu L L 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: The Institute of Acoustics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[19] 张燕 2017 硕士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院声学研究所)
Zhang Y 2017 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: The Institute of Acoustics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[20] 侯温良, 龚敏, 陈东荣 1989 声学技术 8 3
Hou W L, Gong M, Chen D R 1989 Tech. Acoust. 8 3
[21] Locarnini R A, Mishonov A V, Baranova O K, et al. 2018 World Ocean Atlas (Volume 1: Temperature) 81 52
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Li Z L, Dong F C, Hu Z G, Wu S L 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 134305
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Liu B S, Lei J Y 2009 Principles of Undewater Acoustics (Beijing: Science Press) p141 (in Chinese)
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Google Scholar
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图 1 海上实验示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of sea experiment.
图 2 实验海区WOA数据点和实验测量点分布图
Figure 2. Distribution diagram of WOA data and experimental measurement in the experimental sea area.
图 3 500 km站位声传播路径上的声速剖面变化
Figure 3. Change of sound speed profile along sound propagation path of 500 km station.
图 4 500 km站位声传播路径上的海深变化
Figure 4. Change of ocean depth along sound propagation path of 500 km station.
图 5 实验期间各个水听器深度随时间变化情况
Figure 5. Variation of the depth of hydrophones during the experiment.
图 6 阵型估计示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of array geometry estimation.
图 7 阵型
Figure 7. Array geometry.
图 8 爆炸声源与接收垂直阵三维示意图
Figure 8. 3D schematic diagram of explosion sound source and receiver array.
图 9 爆炸声源与接收垂直阵水平面投影示意图
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the horizontal plane projection of the explosion sound source and receiving array.
图 10 实验接收信号的时域波形 (a)实测接收到的时域波形; (b)取包络后波形; (c)置零处理后波形
Figure 10. Time domain waveform received in the experimental: (a) Time domain waveform by the experiment; (b) the waveform after the envelope; (c) the waveform after zero processing.
图 11 匹配处理结果 (a)记录距离481.5 km; (b)记录距离496.5 km; (c)记录距离513.7 km
Figure 11. Matching processing results: (a) Recording distance of 481.5 km; (b) recording distance of 496.5 km; (c) recording distance of 513.7 km.
图 12 垂直阵接收到的多途到达结构 (a)修正前; (b)修正后
Figure 12. Arrival structure received by the vertical line array: (a) Before correction; (b) after correction.
图 13 不同吸收损失计算公式下传播损失实验结果与仿真结果比较, 中心频率分别为(a) 100 Hz; (b) 300 Hz; (c) 500 Hz
Figure 13. Comparison of experimental data and simulation results of TLs calculation under different absorption loss calculation formulas, the center frequencies are (a) 100 Hz, (b) 300 Hz, (c) 500 Hz, respectively.
图 14 不同频率下传播损失实验数据与仿真计算比较, 传播距离分别为(a) 500 km, (b) 1000 km, (c) 1500 km, (d) 2000 km
Figure 14. Comparison of experimental data and simulation results of TL calculations at different frequencies, the propagation distances are (a) 500 km, (b) 1000 km, (c) 1500 km, (d) 2000 km, respectively.
图 15 500 km站位声传播路径上的平均声速剖面和声速起伏情况
Figure 15. Average sound velocity profile and sound velocity fluctuation on the sound propagation path at 500 km station.
图 16 仿真多途到达结构比较 (a)沿传播路径更新声速剖面; (b) 平均声速剖面
Figure 16. Comparison of simulation arrival structure: (a) Updated sound velocity profile along the propagation path; (b) average sound velocity profile.
图 17 垂直阵接收到的多途到达结构
Figure 17. Arrival structure received by the vertical array.
图 18 3种不同的声速剖面
Figure 18. Three different sound speed profiles.
图 19 仿真多途到达结构 (a)冬季声速剖面; (b)类Munk剖面
Figure 19. Simulation arrival structure: (a) Sound speed profile in winter; (b) similar Munk sound speed profile.
图 20 实验声速剖面环境下1495 m接收深度上本征声线和多途到达结构 (a)本征声线; (b)五种类型的本征声线; (c)仿真多途到达结构
Figure 20. Eigenrays and multipath arrival structures at 1495 m reception depth in experimental sound speed profile environment: (a) Eigenrays; (b) five types of eigenrays; (c) simulation of multipath access structure.
图 21 冬季声速剖面环境下1495 m接收深度上本征声线和多途到达结构 (a)本征声线; (b)三种类型的本征声线; (c)仿真多途到达结构
Figure 21. Eigenrays and multipath arrival structures at 1495 m reception depth in winter sound speed profile environment: (a) Eigenrays; (b) three types of eigenrays; (c) simulation of multipath access structure.
图 22 类Munk剖面环境下1495 m接收深度上本征声线和多途到达结构 (a)本征声线; (b)三种类型的本征声线; (c)仿真多途到达结构
Figure 22. Eigenrays and multipath arrival structures at 1495 m reception depth in similar Munk sound speed profile environment: (a) Eigenrays; (b) three types of eigenrays; (c) simulation of multipath access structure.
图 23 垂直阵接收到的到达结构
Figure 23. Arrival structure received by the vertical line array.
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[1] Worcester P F, Cornuelle B D, Hildebrand J A, Hodgkiss W, Spindel R C 1994 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95 3118
Google Scholar
[2] Worcester P F, Cornuelle B D, Dzieciuch M A, et al. 1999 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105 3185
Google Scholar
[3] Colosi J 2004 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116 1538
Google Scholar
[4] Vera M, Heaney K D 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 1624
Google Scholar
[5] Mercer J A, Colosi J A, Howe B M, Dzieciuch M A, Stephen R 2009 IEEE J. Oceanic. Eng. 34 1
Google Scholar
[6] Worcester P F, Dzieciuch M A, Mercer J A, et al. 2013 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134 3359
Google Scholar
[7] Wu L L, Peng Z H 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 094302
Google Scholar
[8] Guthrie A N 1974 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56 58
Google Scholar
[9] Beilis A 1983 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68 171
Google Scholar
[10] Boyles C A 1978 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64 S74
Google Scholar
[11] 张仁和, 何怡 1994 自然科学进展: 国家重点实验室通讯 6 32
Zhang R H, He Y 1994 Prog. Nat. Sci. 6 32
[12] 秦继兴, 张仁和, 骆文于, 吴立新, 江磊, 张波 2014 声学学报 39 145
Google Scholar
Qin J X, Zhang R H, Luo W Y, Wu L X, Jiang L, Zhang B 2014 Acta Acust. 39 145
Google Scholar
[13] Colosi J A, Scheer E K, Flatté S, et al. 1999 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105 3202
Google Scholar
[14] Van Uffelen L, Worcester P F, Dzieciuch M A, Rudnick D L 2009 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125 3569
Google Scholar
[15] Van Uffelen L, Worcester P F, Dzieciuch M A, Rudnick D L, Colosi J A 2010 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127 2169
Google Scholar
[16] Kim H J 2009 Ph. D. Dissertation (Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technolog)
[17] 韩梅, 陆娟娟 2009 计算机仿真 26 11
Google Scholar
Han M, Lu J J 2009 Comp. Simulat. 26 11
Google Scholar
[18] 吴丽丽 2017 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院声学研究所)
Wu L L 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: The Institute of Acoustics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[19] 张燕 2017 硕士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院声学研究所)
Zhang Y 2017 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: The Institute of Acoustics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[20] 侯温良, 龚敏, 陈东荣 1989 声学技术 8 3
Hou W L, Gong M, Chen D R 1989 Tech. Acoust. 8 3
[21] Locarnini R A, Mishonov A V, Baranova O K, et al. 2018 World Ocean Atlas (Volume 1: Temperature) 81 52
[22] Zweng M M, Reagan J R, Seidov D, et al. 2018 World Ocean Atlas (Volume 2: Salinity) 82 50
[23] Gandin L S 1963 Objective Analysis of Meteorological Fields (translated from the Russian) p184
[24] 毕思昭, 彭朝晖 2021 物理学报 70 114303
Google Scholar
Bi S Z, Peng Z H, 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 114303
Google Scholar
[25] Amante C, Eakins B W 2009 Psychologist 16 3
Google Scholar
[26] Susanne B, Martin W 1976 Deck41 Surficial Seafloor Sediment Description Database (NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information)
[27] Straume E O, Gaina C, Medvedev S, Hochmuth K, Gohl K, Whittaker J M, Abdul Fattah R, Doornenbal J C, Hopper J R 2019 Geochem. Geophy. Geosy. 20 4
Google Scholar
[28] Collins M 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 1736
Google Scholar
[29] 李整林, 董凡辰, 胡治国, 吴双林 2019 物理学报 68 134305
Google Scholar
Li Z L, Dong F C, Hu Z G, Wu S L 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 134305
Google Scholar
[30] Jensen F, Kuperman W, Porter M, Schmidt H 2011 Computational Ocean Acoustics (2nd Ed.) (New York: Springer-Verlag)
[31] Fisher, H. F 1977 J. Acoust. Soc. Am 62 13
Google Scholar
[32] Lovett, Jack R 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am 67 338
Google Scholar
[33] 刘伯胜, 雷家煜 2010 水声学原理 (北京: 科学出版社) 第141页
Liu B S, Lei J Y 2009 Principles of Undewater Acoustics (Beijing: Science Press) p141 (in Chinese)
[34] Munk W H 1974 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55 220
Google Scholar
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