Violet phosphorus-enhanced plug-and-play double-lane fiber optic surface plasmon resonance refractometer

Jing Jian-Ying; Liu Kun; Wu Zhang-Yi; Liu Yue-Meng; Jiang Jun-Feng; Xu Tian-Hua; Yan Wei-Cheng; Xiong Yi-Yang; Zhan Xiao-Han; Xiao Lu; Liu Jin-Chang; Liu Tie-Gen

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20231110

Abstract

The fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technologies can directly detect the change of the refractive index on the surface of the sensor, caused by the interaction of biochemical molecules. Fiber optic SPR technologies have advantages of small size, low cost, no labeling, high sensitivity, and are easy to realize the miniaturization, multi-parameter, real-time and in-situ detection. Two types of probe-type fiber optic SPR refractometers are constructed based on the novel two-dimensional nanomaterial, i.e., violet phosphorus (VP), the mature fabrication and characterization technologies. The fabrication processes of the fiber optic SPR refractometers are first introduced, and then the feasibility of the fabrication processes is verified via multiple characterization methods. In terms of the signal demodulation, the noise of the resonance spectrum is suppressed by the variational mode decomposition algorithm, and the resonance wavelength is interrogated and monitored in real time by the centroid method. The refractive index sensing performances of the near-field enhanced fiber optic SPR refractometers coated with different layers of VP are investigated. With the increase of the VP layer number, the resonance spectrum exhibits redshift and broadening and the sensitivity is enhanced. The refractive index sensing performance of the nearly guided wave fiber optic SPR refractometer is also investigated. In the low refractive index range of 1.33－1.34 corresponding to the refractive index of the low-concentration biological solution, the sensitivity and the figure of merit of the near-field enhanced fiber optic SPR refractometer with the sensing structure of fiber core/VP dielectric layer/Au layer/sample layer reach to 2335.64 nm/RIU and 24.15 RIU^–1, respectively, which are 1.31 times and 1.25 times higher than the counterparts of the single Au layer fiber optic SPR refractometer, respectively. The sensitivity and the figure of merit of the nearly guided wave fiber optic SPR refractometer with the sensing structure of fiber core/Au layer/VP dielectric layer/sample layer can reach to 2802.06 nm/RIU and 22.53 RIU^–1, respectively, which are 1.57 times and 1.16 times higher than the counterparts of the single Au layer fiber optic SPR refractometer. Finally, the near-field enhanced SPR and the nearly guided wave SPR are integrated into a single fiber probe to achieve the double-lane sensing. The fiber optic SPR refractometers developed in this study can realize the high-sensitivity, plug-and-play and double-lane detection of the combination of surface refractive index and volume refractive index. The probe-type refractometer also provides a new idea for detecting multi-type protein molecules and heavy metal ions in the biochemical field.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
3.
Institute of Optical Fiber Sensing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

Corresponding author: Liu Kun, beiyangkl@tju.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61922061, 61775161, 61735011) and the Tianjin Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, China (Grant No. 19JCJQJC61400).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 (a)近场增强型和(b)近导波型光纤SPR激发结构示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the sensing structure of (a) the near-field enhanced fiber SPR and (b) the nearly guided wave fiber SPR.

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图 2 双通道光纤SPR (a)有限元分析模型和(b)有限元损耗光谱. 模型参数: 纤芯半径r_core = 4.1 μm, 包层半径r_cladding = 62.5 μm, 抛磨剩余厚度D_r = 66.6 μm, 金膜厚度50 nm, 紫磷厚度10 nm

Figure 2. (a) Finite element analysis model and (b) the loss spectrum of the double-lane fiber optic SPR. Model parameter: r_core = 4.1 μm, r_cladding = 62.5 μm, D_r = 66.6 μm, the thickness of the Au layer and the VP layer is 50 nm and 10 nm, respectively.

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图 3 (a)光纤预处理流程示意图; (b)光纤端面研磨; (c)光纤端面金反射镜溅射

Figure 3. (a) Schematic diagram of fiber preprocessing process; (b) the grinding of the end face of the optical fiber; (c) the sputtering of the gold mirror on the fiber end face.

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图 A1 光纤端面研磨各阶段扫描电子显微镜图

Figure A1. Scanning electron microscopy of the end face of the optical fiber at each step.

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图 A2 (a)壳聚糖和(b)聚丙烯酸的傅里叶红外光谱图

Figure A2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of (a) the CTS and (b) the PAA.

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图 A3 壳聚糖(a)和聚丙烯酸(b)的Zeta电位

Figure A3. Zeta potential of (a) the CTS and (b) the PAA.

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图 A4 紫磷的(a)拉曼光谱、(b)扫描电子显微镜能谱图和(c) X射线衍射光谱

Figure A4. (a) Raman spectrum, (b) the SEM energy spectrum and (c) the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the VP.

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图 4 (a)近场增强型光纤SPR折射率计制备流程; (b)近场增强光纤SPR折射率计传感结构示意图; (c)紫磷层层自组装; (d)传感区域金层溅射

Figure 4. (a) Fabrication process of the near-field enhanced fiber SPR refractometer; (b) schematic diagram of sensing structure of the near-field enhanced fiber SPR refractometer; (c) the self-assembly of the VP layer; (d) the sputtering of the Au layer on the sensing area.

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图 5 (a)近导波型光纤SPR折射率计制备流程; (b)近导波光纤SPR折射率计传感结构示意图; (c)传感区域金层溅射; (d)紫磷层层自组装

Figure 5. (a) Fabrication process of the nearly guided wave fiber SPR refractometer; (b) schematic diagram of sensing structure of the nearly guided wave fiber SPR refractometer; (c) the sputtering of the Au layer on the sensing area; (d) the self-assembly of the VP layer.

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图 6 光纤SPR折射率计信号解调系统示意图

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the signal demodulation system for the fiber SPR refractometer.

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图 7 (a) 共振光谱信号噪声抑制; (b) 共振波长在线实时监测

Figure 7. (a) Noise suppression for the resonance spectra; (b) the online real-time monitoring of the resonance wavelength.

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图 8 增覆(a) 1层、(b) 2层和(c) 3层紫磷电介质层的近场增强型光纤SPR折射率计共振光谱; (d)增覆不同紫磷电介质层的光纤SPR折射率计平均灵敏度, 插图为三种光纤SPR折射率计共振波长与折射率点二次拟合曲线

Figure 8. Resonance spectra of the near-field enhanced fiber SPR refractometer with (a) one-layer, (b) two-layer and (c) three-layer VP dielectric layers; (d) average sensitivity of the above three types of fiber SPR refractometers. Inset: binomial fitting curves of resonance wavelengths and refractive index points of three types of fiber SPR refractometers.

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图 9 增覆2层紫磷电介质层的近导波型光纤SPR折射率计(a)共振光谱和(b)平均灵敏度, 插图: 近导波型光纤 SPR 折射率计共振波长与折射率点二次拟合曲线

Figure 9. (a) Resonance spectra and (b) the average sensitivity of the nearly guided wave fiber SPR refractometer coated with two-layer VP dielectric layer. Inset: the binomial fitting curve of resonance wavelengths and refractive index points.

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图 10 (a)近场增强型和(b)近导波型光纤SPR折射率计重复性测试

Figure 10. Repeatability of (a) the near-field enhanced fiber SPR refractometer and (b) the nearly guided wave fiber SPR refractometer

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图 11 双通道光纤SPR折射率计(a)示意图和(b)实物图

Figure 11. (a) Schematic diagram and (b) realistic image of the double-lane optical fiber SPR refractometer.

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图 12 双通道光纤SPR折射率计(a)共振光谱与(b)平均灵敏度. 插图为双通道光纤SPR折射率计共振波长与折射率点二次拟合曲线

Figure 12. (a) Resonance spectra and (b) the average sensitivity of the double-lane optical fiber SPR refractometer. Inset: the binomial fitting curve of resonance wavelengths and refractive index points.

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图 A5 (a)近场增强和(b)近导波型光纤SPR折射率计传感区截面扫描电子显微镜图(10⁵倍)

Figure A5. Scanning electron microscopy images of cross sections of sensing areas of (a) the near-field enhanced and (b) the nearly guided wave fiber refractometers.

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表 1 折射率传感特性对比

Table 1. Comparison of refractive index sensing characteristics.

传感结构	灵敏度/(nm·RIU^–1)	半峰全宽/nm	品质因数/(RIU^–1)
光纤/金/待测物	1787.93	92.43	19.34
光纤/一层紫磷/金/待测物	1927.61	79.82	24.15
光纤/两层紫磷/金/待测物	2140.53	93.22	22.96
光纤/三层紫磷/金/待测物	2335.64	116.94	24.15
光纤/金/两层紫磷/待测物	2802.06	124.39	22.53

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表 2 本文光纤SPR折射率计光谱特性与已报道光纤SPR传感器光谱特性对比

Table 2. Comparison between the study in this work and reported works.

传感结构	折射率测量范围	灵敏度计算方法	灵敏度/ (nm·RIU^–1)	半峰全宽/ nm	品质因数 (RIU^–1)	年份	参考文献
多模-单模-多模光纤/金/ Ti₃C₂T_x/待测物	1.3343—1.3658	线性拟合	2180.2	—	—	2022	[28]
侧抛单模光纤/金/Ti₃C₂T_x/待测物	1.32—1.34	线性拟合	3143	206	15.26	2022	[29]
锥形多模光纤/铬/金/待测物	1.337—1.359	线性拟合	2266	—	—	2021	[30]
侧抛单模光纤/氟化镁/银/待测物	1.33—1.34	波长差与折射率差的比值	2812.50	35.95	78.23	2021	[31]
侧抛单模光纤/铜/待测物	1.3330—1.3573	波长差与折射率差的比值	425	2.5	—	2020	[32]
侧抛多模光纤/氟化镁/银/待测物	1.333—1.360	线性拟合	1603	47.80	33.54	2019	[33]
侧抛单模光纤/银/氧化石墨烯/待测物	1.32—1.34	波长差与折射率差的比值	2252.50	60.50	37.22	2019	[34]
侧抛单模光纤/银/待测物	1.333—1.345	波长差与折射率差的比值	2166.67	25	—	2019	[35]
侧抛单模光纤/银/氧化石墨烯/待测物	1.30—1.34	波长差与折射率差的比值	833.33	10	—	2019	[36]
多模光纤/金/待测物	1.3345—1.3592	线性拟合	2659.64	—	—	2017	[37]
侧抛单模光纤/银/待测物	1.320—1.340	多项式拟合	1798.0	58.60	30.68	2016	[38]
多模光纤/化学镀金/待测物	1.333—1.359	线性拟合	2054	108.2	19	2015	[39]
多模光纤/光刻胶/金/待测物	1.332—1.352	波长差与折射率差的比值	2422	181	—	2011	[40]
多模光纤/三层紫磷/金/待测物	1.3335—1.3435	二次拟合	2335.64	116.94	24.15	本文工作
多模光纤/金/两层紫磷/待测物	1.3352—1.3472	二次拟合	2802.06	124.39	22.53	本文工作

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[1]	Liu Z W, Wu J N, Cai C, Yang B, Qi Z M 2022 Nat. Commun. 13 6475 Google Scholar
[2]	Ribeiro J A, Sales M G F, Pereira C M 2022 TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 157 116766 Google Scholar
[3]	Tan J S, Chen Y Y, He J, Occhipinti L G, Wang Z H, Zhou X H 2023 J. Hazard. Mater. 455 131644 Google Scholar
[4]	Cao S Q, Shao Y, Wang Y, Wu T S, Zhang L F, Huang Y J, Zhang F, Liao C R, He J, Wang Y P 2018 Opt. Express 26 3988 Google Scholar
[5]	Jing J Y, Liu K, Jiang J F, Xu T H, Xiao L, Zhan X H, Liu T G 2023 Adv. Sci. 10 2207437 Google Scholar
[6]	Dastmalchi B, Tassin P, Koschny T, Soukoulis C M 2016 Adv. Opt. Mater. 4 177 Google Scholar
[7]	Mai Z G, Zhang J H, Chen Y Z, Wang J Q, Hong X M, Su Q N, Li X J 2019 Biosens. Bioelectron. 144 111621 Google Scholar
[8]	Li X G, Gong P Q, Zhao Q M, Zhou X, Zhang Y A, Zhao Y 2022 Sens. Actuators, B 359 131596 Google Scholar
[9]	Yasli A 2021 Plasmonics 16 1605 Google Scholar
[10]	Shakya A K, Singh S 2022 Opt. Laser Technol. 153 108246 Google Scholar
[11]	Liu R C, Yang W, Lu J J, Shafi M, Jiang M S, Jiang S Z 2023 Nanotechnology 34 095501 Google Scholar
[12]	Hu S Q, Chen J Y, Liang J H, Luo J J, Shi W C, Yuan J M, Chen Y F, Chen L, Chen Z, Liu G S, Luo Y H 2022 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 42412 Google Scholar
[13]	Liu Z H, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhang Y X, Liu K Q, Zhang J Z, Yang J, Yuan L B 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 2907 Google Scholar
[14]	Chiavaioli F, Gouveia C A J, Jorge P A S, Baldini F 2017 Biosensors-Basel 7 23 Google Scholar
[15]	Jing J Y, Liu K, Jiang J F, Xu T H, Wang S, Ma J Y, Zhang Z, Zhang W L, Liu T G 2021 Photonics Res. 10 126 Google Scholar
[16]	Shalabney A, Abdulhalim I 2011 Laser Photonics Rev. 5 571 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhang L H, Huang H Y, Zhang B, Gu M Y, Zhao D, Zhao X W, Li L R, Zhou J, Wu K, Cheng Y H, Zhang J Y 2020 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59 1074 Google Scholar
[18]	Cicirello G, Wang M J, Sam Q P, Hart J L, Williams N L, Yin H B, Cha J J, Wang J J 2023 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145 8218 Google Scholar
[19]	Qiao J S, Kong X H, Hu Z X, Yang F, Ji W 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4475 Google Scholar
[20]	Jing J Y, Liu K, Jiang J F, Xu T H, Wang S, Liu T G 2023 Opto-Electron. Adv. 6 220072 Google Scholar
[21]	Rehman H U, Cord-Landwehr S, Shapaval V, Dzurendova S, Kohler A, Moerschbacher B M, Zimmermann B 2023 Carbohydr. Polym. 302 120428 Google Scholar
[22]	Patil R S, Sancaktar E 2021 Polymer 233 124181 Google Scholar
[23]	Zhao Y, Tong R J, Xia F, Peng Y 2019 Biosens. Bioelectron. 142 111505 Google Scholar
[24]	Guo J F, Xie R H, Wang Y X, Xiao L Z, Fu J W, Jin G W, Luo S H 2023 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 61 5902014 Google Scholar
[25]	Zhan S Y, Wang X P, Liu Y L 2011 Meas. Sci. Technol. 22 025201 Google Scholar
[26]	Wang Q, Cong X W, Zhao W M, Ren Z H, Du N N, Yan X, Zhu A S, Qiu F M, Chen B H, Zhang K K 2022 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 71 7005808 Google Scholar
[27]	Li Y L, Sun Q, Zu S, Shi X, Liu Y Q, Hu X Y, Ueno K, Gong Q H, Misawa H 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 163901 Google Scholar
[28]	Chen Y Z, Ge Y Q, Huang W C, Li Z J, Wu L M, Zhang H, Li X J 2020 ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 3 303 Google Scholar
[29]	Zhou Y A, Yan X 2022 IEEE Photonics J. 14 7151607 Google Scholar
[30]	Chopra A, Mohanta G C, Das B, Bhatnagar R, Pal, S S 2021 IEEE Sens. J. 21 12153 Google Scholar
[31]	Zakaria R, Zainuddin N M, Fahri M A S A, Thirunavakkarasu P M, Patel S K, Harun S W 2021 Opt. Fiber Technol. 61 102449 Google Scholar
[32]	Zakaria R, Zainuddin N A M, Raya S A, Alwi S A K, Anwar T, Sarlan A, Ahmed K, Amiri I S 2020 Micromachines-Basel 11 77 Google Scholar
[33]	Zhang H, Chen Y F, Feng X J, Xiong X, Hu S Q, Jiang Z P, Dong J L, Zhu W G, Qiu W T, Guan H Y, Lu H H, Yu J H, Zhong Y C, Zhang J, He M, Luo Y H, Chen Z 2018 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 25 7101909 Google Scholar
[34]	赵静, 王英, 王义平 2019 激光与光电子学进展 56 230601 Google Scholar Zhao J, Wang Y, Wang Y P 2019 Laser Optoelectron. Progress 56 230601 Google Scholar
[35]	Zainuddin N A M, Ariannejad M M, Arasu P T, Harun S W, Zakaria R 2019 Results Phys. 13 102255 Google Scholar
[36]	Amiri I S, Alwi S A K, Raya S A, Zainuddin N A M, Rohizat N S, Rajan M S M, Zakaria R 2019 J. Opt. Commun. 44 53 Google Scholar
[37]	Wang W J, Mai Z G, Chen Y Z, Wang J Q, Li L, Su Q N, Li X J, Hong X M 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 16904 Google Scholar
[38]	Zhao J, Cao S Q, Liao C R, Wang Y, Wang G J, Xu X Z, Fu C L, Xu G W, Lian J R, Wang Y P 2016 Sens. Actuators, B 230 206 Google Scholar
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Vol. 72, Issue 21 - 2023-11-05

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