Experimental study of single-phase change material thermal diode based on calcium chloride hexahydrate

Yang Xu; Li Jing; Mao Yu; Tao Ke-Ai; Sun Kuan; Chen Shan-Shan; Zhou Yong-Li; Zheng Yu-Jie

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231686

Abstract

Phase change material thermal diodes designed on the basis of different heat transfer forms and coefficients caused by different phase transition degrees in opposite heat transfer directions are considered as potential thermal management devices. However, the use of a variety of materials or only relying on numerical simulation research makes its structure complex or idealized, which reduces the possibility of practical application. Therefore, in this work, a simple thermal diode structure containing only CaCl₂·6H₂O single-phase variable material is proposed in combination with changes in heat transfer form and heat transfer coefficient in solid-liquid phase change and natural convection process. The corresponding device is prepared, and a steady-state heat flux test system is set up for experimental study, the measured results are close to those recorded in the literature with good accuracy. The influence of the temperature difference between hot end and cold end and the direction of positive heat transfer and negative heat transfer on the thermal rectification effect of the thermal diode are studied experimentally. The results show that the heat flux of the thermal diode decreases with the decrease of the difference in temperature between the cold source and hot source, and the thermal rectification ratio reaches to 1.58 when the forward and reverse along the antigravity direction and gravity direction, respectively. The optimal cold source temperature range is 20–25 ℃, which is close to room temperature. The proposed phase change material thermal diode structure has a certain application potential in energy saving and thermal management of building.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technology and System, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
2.
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China

Corresponding author: Li Jing, lj202740@cqu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFB3803300), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51606017), the Young Talents Support Program of Chongqing, China (Grant No. CQYC2021059206), the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. 2020CDJQY-A055), and the Outstanding Youth Fund of Chongqing, China (Grant No. cstc2021jcyj-jqX0015).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 相变前后的S-PCMTD组成和传热形式

Figure 1. S-PCMTD composition and heat transfer form before and after phase transition.

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图 2 (a) S-PCMTD的示意图; (b) 稳态测量系统的组成

Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of S-PCMTD; (b) composition of the steady-state measurement system.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 CPP/CaCl₂·6H₂O的泄漏测试图像　(a) 加热前; (b) 加热后; (c) 10个热循环后

Figure 3. Leakage test image of CPP/CaCl₂·6H₂O: (a) Before heating; (b) after heating; (c) after 10 cycles.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 (a) CaCl₂·6H₂O和 (b) CPP/CaCl₂·6H₂O的DSC曲线

Figure 4. DSC curves of (a) CaCl₂·6H₂O and (b) CPP/ CaCl₂·6H₂O.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 S-PCMTD在逆重力方向(正向)和重力方向(反向)的相变和传热模型

Figure 5. Phase transition and heat transfer model of S-PCMTD in the inverse of gravity direction (forward) and towards gravity direction (reverse).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 S-PCMTD在逆重力方向(正向)和重力方向(反向)的热通量和热整流比

Figure 6. Heat flux and thermal rectification ratio of S-PCMTD in the inverse of gravity direction (forward) and towards gravity direction (reverse).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 S-PCMTD在逆重力方向(反向)的相变和传热模型

Figure 7. Phase transition and heat transfer model of S-PCMTD in the inverse of gravity direction (reverse).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 S-PCMTD在逆重力方向的热通量和热整流比

Figure 8. Heat flux and thermal rectification ratio of S-PCMTD in the inverse of gravity direction.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 S-PCMTD在垂直重力方向的相变与传热模型

Figure 9. Phase transition and heat transfer model of S-PCMTD in the vertical gravity direction.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 S-PCMTD在垂直重力方向的热通量和热整流比

Figure 10. Heat flux and thermal rectification ratio of S-PCMTD in the vertical gravity direction.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 测试系统测量结果

Table 1. Results of the measurement system.

材料	厚度 h/m	冷源温度 T_c/℃	热源温度 T_h/℃	样品两端温度		T1-T8温度梯度均值$ \tilde{T} $/(℃·m^–1)	计算热导率 $ \dot{K} $/(W·(m·K)^–1)	文献值 $ \ddot{K} $/(W·(m·K)^–1)
材料	厚度 h/m	冷源温度 T_c/℃	热源温度 T_h/℃	T_high/℃	T_low/℃	T1-T8温度梯度均值$ \tilde{T} $/(℃·m^–1)	计算热导率 $ \dot{K} $/(W·(m·K)^–1)	文献值 $ \ddot{K} $/(W·(m·K)^–1)
CaCl₂·6H₂O	0.01	15	30	17.7	26.8	35	0.74	0.77^[26]
PEG4000	0.055	40	50	43.1	46.1	6.67	0.20	0.2319^[34]

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 CaCl₂·6H₂O和CPP/CaCl₂·6H₂O的热物理性质

Table 2. Thermophysical properties of CaCl₂·6H₂O and CPP/CaCl₂·6H₂O.

材料及其相态	等效导热系数 K/(W·(m·K)^–1)
固态 CaCl₂·6H₂O	0.74
自然对流态CaCl₂·6H₂O	1.10
相变前CPP/CaCl₂·6H₂O	1.02
相变后CPP/CaCl₂·6H₂O	0.61

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 CaCl₂·6H₂O和CPP/CaCl₂·6H₂O的相变相关温度点

Table 3. Temperature points related to phase transitions of CaCl₂·6H₂O and CPP/CaCl₂·6H₂O.

材料	CaCl₂·6H₂O 初始相变温度 T_m1/℃	CaCl₂·6H₂O 相变峰值温度 T_p1/℃	CaCl₂·4H₂O 相变峰值温度 T_p2/℃
CaCl₂·6H₂O	25.2	27.6	45.13
CPP/CaCl₂·6H₂O	24.0	29.9	44.83

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Pehl M, Arvesen A, Humpenoeder F, Popp A, Hertwich E G, Luderer G 2017 Nat. Energy 2 939 Google Scholar
[2]	McGlade C, Ekins P 2015 Nature 517 187 Google Scholar
[3]	赖明东, 雍熙, 史文静 , rhhz_volume 2022 rhhz_volume 自然辩证法研究 38 69 Google Scholar Lai M D, Yong X, Shi W J 2022 Stud. Dialectics. Nat. 38 69 Google Scholar
[4]	Yang L, Yan H Y, Lam J C 2014 Appl. Energ. 115 164 Google Scholar
[5]	Guan L 2023 Ordnance Mater. Sci. Eng. 46 126 [关玲 2023 兵器材料科学与工程 46 126]Google Scholar Guan L 2023 Ordnance Mater. Sci. Eng. 46 126 Google Scholar
[6]	Zhu H, Wang J J 2023 hydraul. Pneumatics Seals 43 55 [朱浩, 王晶晶 2023 液压气动与密封 43 55]Google Scholar Zhu H, Wang J J 2023 hydraul. Pneumatics Seals 43 55 Google Scholar
[7]	Zhang X H, Li Z, Luo L G, Fan Y L, Du Z Y 2022 Energy 238 121652 Google Scholar
[8]	Ma S, Jiang M D, Tao P, Song C Y, Wu J B, Wang J, Deng T, Shang W 2018 Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. 28 653 Google Scholar
[9]	Tran M-K, Mevawalla A, Aziz A, Panchal S, Xie Y, Fowler M 2022 Processes 10 6
[10]	Yuan K J, Shi J M, Aftab W, Qin M L, Usman A, Zhou F, Lv Y, Gao S, Zou R Q 2020 Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 8 Google Scholar
[11]	Alva G, Lin Y X, Liu L K, Fang G Y 2017 Energ. Buildings 144 276 Google Scholar
[12]	Giro-Paloma J, Martinez M, Cabeza L F, Ines F A 2016 Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 53 1059 Google Scholar
[13]	Ghanekar A, Ji J, Zheng Y 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 5 Google Scholar
[14]	Traipattanakul B, Tso C Y, Chao C Y H 2019 Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 135 294 Google Scholar
[15]	Meng Z N, Gulfam R, Zhang P, Ma F 2021 Int. J. Therm. Sci. 164 9 Google Scholar
[16]	Kasali S O, Ordonez-Miranda J, Joulain K. 2020 Int. J. Therm. Sci. 153 106393 Google Scholar
[17]	Ordonez-Miranda J, Hill J M, Joulain K, Ezzahri Y, Drevillon J 2018 J. Appl. Phys. 123 085102 Google Scholar
[18]	Wehmeyer G, Yabuki T, Monachon C, Wu J Q, Dames C 2017 Appl. Phys. Rev. 4 041304 Google Scholar
[19]	Zhang N, Yuan Y P, Cao X L, Du Y X, Zhang Z L, Gui Y W 2018 Adv. Eng. Mater. 20 1700753 Google Scholar
[20]	Incropera F P, DeWitt D P, Bergman T L, Lavine A S 1996 Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (5th Ed.) (New York: Wiley) pp563–601
[21]	Tao W, Kong X F, Bao A Y, Fan C G, Zhang Y 2020 Materials 13 22 Google Scholar
[22]	Wang Y, Ge S X, Huang B J, Zheng Z 2019 Mater. Chem. Phys. 223 723 Google Scholar
[23]	Nagano K, Mochida T, Takeda S, Domanski R, Rebow M 2003 Appl. Therm. Eng. 23 229 Google Scholar
[24]	Cui W W, Zhang H Z, Xia Y P, Zou Y J, Xiang C L, Chu H L, Qiu S J, Xu F, Sun L X 2018 J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 131 57 Google Scholar
[25]	Li G, Zhang B B, Li X, Zhou Y, Sun Q G, Yun Q 2014 Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C. 126 51 Google Scholar
[26]	Meng Z N, Gulfam R, Zhang P, Ma F 2020 Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 147 118915 Google Scholar
[27]	Pallecchi E, Chen Z, Fernandes G E, Wan Y, Kim J H, Xu J 2015 Mater. Horiz. 2 125 Google Scholar
[28]	Chen R J, Cui Y L, Tian H, Yao R M, Liu Z P, Shu Y, Li C, Yang Y, Ren T L, Zhang G, Zou R Q 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 8 Google Scholar
[29]	Lyu J, Sheng Z Z, Xu Y Y, Liu C M, Zhang X T 2022 Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 19 Google Scholar
[30]	Wong M Y, Traipattanakul B, Tso C Y, Chao C Y H, Qiu H H 2019 Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 138 173 Google Scholar
[31]	Swoboda T, Klinar K, Abbasi S, Brem G, Kitanovski A, Rojo M M 2021 Iscience 24 8 Google Scholar
[32]	Zhang X X, Zhou Y, Li X, Shen Y, Hi C X, Dong O Y, Ren X F, Zeng J B, Sun Y X, Wang S J, Yang X B 2018 Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 7 40 [张新星, 周园, 李翔, 申月, 海春喜, 董欧阳, 任秀峰, 曾金波, 孙艳霞, 王石军, 杨小波 2018 储能科学与技术 7 40]Google Scholar Zhang X X, Zhou Y, Li X, Shen Y, Hi C X, Dong O Y, Ren X F, Zeng J B, Sun Y X, Wang S J, Yang X B 2018 Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 7 40 Google Scholar
[33]	Li S W, Fu B B, Li J 2022 Acta Materiae Compositae Sin. 39 2885 [李绍伟, 傅彬彬, 李静 2022 复合材料学报 39 2885]Google Scholar Li S W, Fu B B, Li J 2022 Acta Materiae Compositae Sin. 39 2885 Google Scholar
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[35]	Cottrill A L, Wang S, Liu A T, Wang W J, Strano M S 2018 Adv. Energy Mater. 8 11 Google Scholar
[36]	Moench S, Dittrich R 2022 Energies 15 11 Google Scholar

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