Influence of microstructure on thermal fatigue effect of laminated tungsten based plasma-facing material

Qi Chao; Ma Yu-Tian; Qi Yan-Fei; Xiao Shan-Qu; Wang Bo

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240007

Abstract

The response of tungsten (W) to thermal shock loading, as the best candidate for plasma-facing material (PFM), is an important issue in the research of future fusion devices. Under thermal loading, thermal irradiation damage, including brittle cracking and fatigue cracking, occurs on the surface of tungsten based plasma-facing material (W-PFM). In this work, a new scheme to suppress the thermal irradiation damage to W-PFM, i.e. the laminated structure W-PFM scheme, is proposed. Thermal fatigue experiments of laminated structure W composed of W foils with different thickness and heat treatment processes are carried out by using an electron beam device. The samples are subjected to thermal pulses with a power density of 48 MW/m² for 5000 cycles. The results indicate that the crack damage to the surface of the laminated structure W decreases with the decrease of the thickness of W foils under the same heat treatment conditions. The main cracks are produced on the surface of laminated structure W after cyclic thermal loads have been all approximately parallel to the foil thickness direction. Only the main cracks appear on the surfaces of W foils with a smaller thickness, while crack networks develop on the surfaces of W foils with a larger thickness , in addition to the main cracks with a larger width. In the rolled state, the laminated structure W has the lowest degree of surface plastic deformation for the same thickness. The thermal fatigue crack damage to the surface is quantitatively analyzed by using computer image processing software and analysis software, and scanning electron microscope images of the thermal damage area are finally selected. It is found that the de-stressed state W has the smallest crack area and the smallest number of cracks for the same thickness, indicating that the de-stressed state W has the strongest resistance to irradiation damage. The experimental results also show that in addition to the effect of microstructure, both the uniaxial stress state and the crack-blocking mechanism of the laminated structured W-PFM contribute to the improvement of its thermal fatigue performance.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
2.
Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
3.
College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China

Corresponding author: Wang Bo, wangbo@bjut.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52104374) and the Hebei Province Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project, China (Grant No. 236Z1004G).

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References

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图 1 叠片结构W-PFM方案　(a)叠片结构示意图; (b)单轴应力示意图

Figure 1. Laminated structure W-PFM scheme: (a) Schematic of laminated structure; (b) schematic of uniaxial stresses.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a) 叠片结构W-PFM样品示意图; (b) 叠片结构W-PFM样品实物图

Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of the laminated structure W-PFM sample; (b) physical diagram of laminated structured W-PFM sample.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 W箔和块体W表面形貌　(a₁), (b₁), (c₁) 0.05 mm, 轧制, 去应力和再结晶W; (a₂), (b₂), (c₂) 0.1 mm, 轧制, 去应力和再结晶W; (a₃), (b₃), (c₃) 3 mm, 轧制, 去应力和再结晶W

Figure 3. The morphology of W foil and bulk W: (a₁), (b₁), (c₁) 0.05 mm, rolled, stress-free, and recrystallied W; (a₂), (b₂), (c₂) 0.1 mm, rolled, stress-free, and recrystallied W; (a₃), (b₃), (c₃) 3 mm: rolled, stress-free, and recrystallied W.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 不同热处理工艺下的叠片结构W和块状W表面的热损伤形貌　(a₁), (b₁), (c₁) 0.05 mm, 轧制, 去应力和再结晶W; (a₂), (b₂), (c₂) 0.1 mm, 轧制, 去应力和再结晶W; (a₃), (b₃), (c₃) 3 mm, 轧制, 去应力和再结晶W

Figure 4. Thermal damage morphology of laminated W and bulk W under different heat treatment processes: (a₁), (b₁), (c₁) 0.05 mm, rolled, stress-free, and recrystallied W; (a₂), (b₂), (c₂) 0.10 mm, rolled, stress-free, and recrystallied W; (a₃), (b₃), (c₃) 3.00 mm, rolled, stress-free, and recrystallied W.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 不同热处理工艺下的W箔和块体W表面热损伤区域的微观形貌　(a₁), (b₁), (c₁) 0.05 mm, 轧制, 去应力和再结晶W; (a₂), (b₂), (c₂) 0.10 mm, 轧制, 去应力和再结晶W; (a₃), (b₃), (c₃) 3.00 mm, 轧制, 去应力和再结晶W

Figure 5. Micromorphology of thermal damage area on the surface of W foil and bulk W under different heat treatment processes: (a₁), (b₁), (c₁) 0.05 mm, rolled, stress-free, and recrystallied W; (a₂), (b₂), (c₂) 0.10 mm, rolled, stress-free, and recrystallied W; (a₃), (b₃), (c₃) 3.00 mm, rolled, stress-free, and recrystallied W.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 不同热处理工艺下叠片结构W和块体W表面裂纹的标定

Figure 6. Calibration of surface cracks of laminated W and bulk W under different heat treatment processes.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 不同热处理工艺下叠片结构W和块体W表面裂纹的评估参数　(a)裂纹面积密度; (b)主裂纹平均宽度; (c)表面损伤因子

Figure 7. Evaluation parameters of surface crack damage of laminated W and bulk W under different heat treatment processes: (a) Percentage of crack area; (b) average width of main crack; (c) surface damage factor.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 热处理工艺参数

Table 1. Heat treatment process parameters.

	升温速率/(K·min^–1)	最高温度/℃	保温时间/h	降温速率/(K·min^–1)
去应力退火	> 400℃, 15; < 400℃, 20	1000	0.5	> 400℃, 20; < 400℃, 随炉冷却
再结晶退火	> 400℃, 15; < 400℃, 20	1600	1.0	> 400℃, 20; < 400℃, 随炉冷却

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 实验后样品热加载区域表面粗糙度

Table 2. Surface roughness of the thermally loaded region of the samples after experimentation

	0.05 mm/ (R_a·μm^–1)	0.10 mm/ (R_a·μm^–1)	3.00 mm/ (R_a·μm^–1)
原始轧制态	0.06	0.14	1.00
去应力态	0.11	0.40	1.30
再结晶态	0.18	0.65	2.00

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Zhang C, Wang K, Si R, Li J, Song C, Wu S, Yan B, Chen C 2023 Chin. Phys. B 32 113102 Google Scholar
[2]	Xu C, Wan F R 2023 ActaPhys. Sin. 72 056801 [徐驰, 万发荣 2023 物理学报 72 056801]Google Scholar Xu C, Wan F R 2023 ActaPhys. Sin. 72 056801 Google Scholar
[3]	Qin M F, Wang Y M, Zhang H Y, Sun J Z 2023 ACTA Phys. Sin. 72 245204 [秦梦飞, 王英敏, 张红玉, 孙继忠 2023 物理学报 72 245204]Google Scholar Qin M F, Wang Y M, Zhang H Y, Sun J Z 2023 ACTA Phys. Sin. 72 245204 Google Scholar
[4]	Terra A, Sergienko G, Gago M, Kreter A, Martynova Y, Rasinski M, Wirtz M, Loewenhoff T, Mao Y, Schwalenberg D, Raumann L, Coenen J W, Moeller S, Koppitz T, Dorow-Gerspach D, Brezinsek S, Unterberg B, Linsmeier C 2020 Phys. Scr. 2020 014045
[5]	Wirtz M, Linke J, Loewenhoff Th, Pintsuk G, Uytdenhouwen I 2017 Nucl. Mater. Energy 12 148 Google Scholar
[6]	Wang L, Wang B, Li S D, Ma D, Tang Y H, Yan H 2016 Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 61 61 Google Scholar
[7]	Loewenhoff Th, Linke J, Pintsuk G, Thomser C 2012 Fusion Eng. Des. 87 1201 Google Scholar
[8]	Pintsuk G, Prokhodtseva A, Uytdenhouwen I 2011 J. Nucl. Mater. 417 481 Google Scholar
[9]	Linke J, Loewenhoff T, Massaut V, Pintsuk G, Ritz G, Rödig M, Schmidt A, Thomser C, Uytdenhouwen I, Vasechko V, Wirtz M 2011 Nucl. Fusion 51 073017 Google Scholar
[10]	Garkusha I E, Landman I, Linke J, Makhlaj V A, Medvedev A V, Malykhin S V, Peschanyi S, Pintsuk G, Pugachev A T, Tereshin V I 2011 J. Nucl. Mater. 415 S65 Google Scholar
[11]	Pintsuk G, Kühnlein W, Linke J, Rödig M 2007 Fusion Eng. Des. 82 1720 Google Scholar
[12]	Wang Y, Wang H, Mi B, Zhao J, Zhang C 2023 J. Nucl. Mater. 583 154555 Google Scholar
[13]	Wirtz M, Linke J, Loewenhoff T, Pintsuk G, Uytdenhouwen I 2016 Phys. Scr. T167 014015 Google Scholar
[14]	Rieth M, Dudarev S L, Gonzalez De Vicente S M, et al. 2013 J. Nucl. Mater. 432 482 Google Scholar
[15]	Wurster S, Baluc N, Battabyal M, Crosby T, Du J, García-Rosales C, Hasegawa A, Hoffmann A, Kimura A, Kurishita H, Kurtz R J, Li H, Noh S, Reiser J, Riesch J, Rieth M, Setyawan W, Walter M, You J H, Pippan R 2013 J. Nucl. Mater. 442 S181 Google Scholar
[16]	Parkes N, Dodds R, Watson A, Dye D, Hardie C, Humphry-Baker S A, Knowles A J 2023 Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 113 106209 Google Scholar
[17]	Alam M E, Odette G R 2023 Nucl. Mater. Energy 36 101467 Google Scholar
[18]	Yang T, Wang J, Feng F, Liu X, Youyun L, Xueyu G 2023 Fusion Eng. Des. 196 113991 Google Scholar
[19]	Dang N, Lian Y, Song J, Dai S, Yan B, Fan F, Wang J, Liu X 2023 Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 117 106415 Google Scholar
[20]	Coenen J W, Mao Y, Sistla S, Riesch J, Hoeschen T, Broeckmann Ch, Neu R, Linsmeier Ch 2018 Nucl. Mater. Energy 15 214 Google Scholar
[21]	Neu R, Coenen J W, Curzadd B, Gietl H, Greuner H, Höschen T, Hunger K, Lürbke R, Müller A, Riesch J, Schlick G, Siefken U, Visca E, You J 2023 Mater. Res. Express 10 116516 Google Scholar
[22]	Terra A, Sergienko G, Tokar M, Borodin D, Dittmar T, Huber A, Kreter A, Martynova Y, Möller S, Rasiński M, Wirtz M, Loewenhoff Th, Dorow-Gerspach D, Yuan Y, Brezinsek S, Unterberg B, Linsmeier Ch 2019 Nucl. Mater. Energy 19 7 Google Scholar
[23]	Wang B, Hu D Z, Ma D, Lu G H 2018 US10102928B2
[24]	Wang B, Hu D Z, Ma D, Lu G H 2016 ZL201410117811. X
[25]	Li S D, Wang B, Liu Y H, Qi Y F, Li M, Ma Y T 2018 Chin. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 38 434
[26]	Xiao S, Ma Y, Tian L, Li M, Qi C, Wang B 2020 Nucl. Mater. Energy 23 100746 Google Scholar
[27]	Wu X C, Xu L P 2002 Phys. Test. Chem. Anal. A Physical Test. 38 14

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