Study of nuclear excitation by electron capture via the stopping of highly charged ions

Jia Chen-Xu; Ding Bing; Hua Wei; Guo Song; Qiang Yun-Hua; Chen Hong-Xing; Wei Rui; Zhou Xiao-Hong

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240276

Abstract

The long-lived isomer is a potential energy-storage material with good energy storage density and storage period. However, releasing the stored energy from such an isomer is challenging. A recognized method is isomer depletion: the isomer is excited to an adjacent short-lived energy level, followed by de-excitation to the ground state, releasing all the stored energy. Six possible mechanisms for isomer depletion have been proposed, i.e. photoabsorption, coulomb excitation, inelastic scattering, nuclear excitation by electron transition, nuclear excitation by electron capture (NEEC), and electronic bridge. Among them, NEEC has attracted significant attention in recent years.The NEEC occurs when a free electron is captured into an empty atomic orbital, with the nucleus excited simultaneously. To observe the NEEC, one can utilize the stopping process of high-velocity, high-charge-state ions in solid materials. As injected into a stopping material, the ions will be decelerated and capture electrons in the material. In the resonant process of NEEC, the sum of the binding energy and the kinetic energy of the free electron matches the energy required for nuclear excitation. If they do not match, or if the orbitals are already occupied by electrons, the NEEC cannot occur, as indicated by the red arrows in the figure. $ ^{93{\mathrm{m}}} {\mathrm{Mo}} $ is an ideal candidate for NEEC measurements. It is an isomeric state with an excitation energy of 2.4 MeV, a spin-parity of $21/2 ^+ $, and a half-life of 6.85 h. In addition, there is an energy level with a spin-parity of $17/2 ^+ $ and half-life of 3.5 ns; its excitation energy is 4.8-keV higher than that of $ ^{93{\mathrm{m}}} {\mathrm{Mo}} $ and primarily de-excites to the $ 13/2^+ $ state through a 268-keV gamma ray. This level is referred to as the triggering level in the NEEC process. Once excited to the triggering level, the nucleus decays immediately to the ground state, releasing energy of about 2.4 MeV.In 2018, Chiara et al. reported the first experimental observation of $ ^{93{\mathrm{m}}} {\mathrm{Mo}} $ isomer depletion with a probability of 1.0(3)%, which was attributed to the NEEC mechanism. However, the following theoretical calculations fail to reproduce such a high probability. In 2022, another experiment was devoted to measuring the depletion of $ ^{93{\mathrm{m}}} {\mathrm{Mo}} $ in the stopping process. The measurements were performed at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou. However, no characteristic 268-keV transition caused by isomer depletion was observed, and it was inferred that the upper limit of the excitation probability was about $2\times 10^{-5} $, which is different from the previously reported value of 1%. The beam energy in the Lanzhou experiment is lower than that of the previous data, which can lead to different depletion probabilities. Thus, further experiments are required to clarify this issue.In this study, two experiments related to NEEC are conducted, the reliability of the experimental results is evaluated from a new perspective of error analysis, and a design scheme is provided for implementing further experiments. According to the proposed experimental setup, the recoil energy is considerably increased and particle-identification devices are added. The detectors for particle identification can cause energy loss, thus the increasing of the recoil energy is also a prerequisite for particle identification. Considering the recoil energy, production cross-section, and the population of high-spin states that can decay to$ ^{93{\mathrm{m}}} {\mathrm{Mo}} $, we recommend the $ ^{94}{\mathrm{Zr}}+ ^{4}{\mathrm{He }}$ as the beam-target candidate for future experiments based on the secondary beam line. In addition, a simple design for particle identification is also introduced in this study.

Keywords:

isomer /
nuclear excitation by electron capture /
isomer depletion /
secondary beam /
gamma spectroscopy

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
2.
School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
4.
College of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China

Corresponding author: Ding Bing, dbing@impcas.ac.cn ; Hua Wei, huaw@mail.sysu.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11175257, 12375128) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. S2012010010306).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 六种可能的诱发退激模式示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of six possible induced de-excitation modes.

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图 2 阻停过程中电子俘获致核激发的示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of nuclear excitation by electron capture in ion-stopping process.

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图 3 $ ^{93} {\mathrm{Mo}} $能级纲图

Figure 3. Partial level scheme of $ ^{93} {\mathrm{Mo}} $.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 两次实验设置的对比　(a)美国阿贡实验室开展实验的设置示意图; (b)兰州重离子加速器装置开展实验的设置示意图

Figure 4. Comparison of two experimental Settings: (a) The setting diagram of the experiment carried out at Argonne Laboratory in the United States; (b) schematic diagram of the experiment based on the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 实验设置示意图

Figure 5. Experimental setup diagram.

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图 6 不同反应道下, $ ^{93} {\mathrm{Mo}} $的生成截面与其反冲能的关系

Figure 6. Relation between $ ^{93} {\mathrm{Mo}} $ cross section and recoil energy of different reaction channels

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 不同反应道$ ^{93} {\mathrm{Mo}} $截面与入口态自旋的关系, @后面表示的是计算使用的束流能量

Figure 7. Relation between the $ ^{93} {\mathrm{Mo}} $ cross section and the spin of the entry state for different reaction channels, and the values after @ are the beam energies used in the calculations.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Walker P, Podolyák Z 2020 Phys. Scr. 95 044004 Google Scholar
[2]	Audi G, Kondev F G, Wang M, Huang W J, Naimi S 2017 Chin. Phys. C 41 030001 Google Scholar
[3]	Elekes Z, Timar J 2015 Nucl. Data Sheets 129 191 Google Scholar
[4]	Hult M, Gasparro J, Marissens G, Lindahl P, Wätjen U, Johnston P N, Wagemans C, Köhler M 2006 Phys. Rev. C 74 054311 Google Scholar
[5]	Smith M B, Walker P M, Ball G C, Carroll J J, Garrett P E, Hackman G, Propri R, Sarazin F, Scraggs H C 2003 Phys. Rev. C 68 031302 Google Scholar
[6]	郑人洲, 陆景彬, 王宇, 李潇祎, 张雪, 陈子怡, 梁磊, 刘玉敏 2023 原子核物理评论 40 385 Google Scholar Zheng R Z, Lu J B, Wang Y, Li X Y, Zhang X, Chen Z Y, Liang L, Liu Y M 2023 Nuclear Physics Review 40 385 Google Scholar
[7]	Matinyan S 1998 Phys. Rep. 298 199 Google Scholar
[8]	Collins C B, Davanloo F, Iosif M C, Dussart R, Hicks J M, Karamian S A, Ur C A, Popescu I I, Kirischuk V I, Carroll J J, Roberts H E, McDaniel P, Crist C E 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 695 Google Scholar
[9]	Kirischuk V, Ageev V, Dovbnya A, Kandybei S, Ranyuk Y 2015 Phys. Lett. B 750 89 Google Scholar
[10]	Carroll J J, Karamian S A, Rivlin L A, Zadernovsky A A 2001 Hyperfine Interact. 135 3 Google Scholar
[11]	Hayes A B, Cline D, Wu C Y, Ai H, Amro H, Beausang C, Casten R F, Gerl J, Hecht A A, Heinz A, Hua H, Hughes R, Janssens R V F, Lister C J, Macchiavelli A O, Meyer D A, Moore E F, Napiorkowski P, Pardo R C, Schlegel C, Seweryniak D, Simon M W, Srebrny J, Teng R, Vetter K, Wollersheim H J 2007 Phys. Rev. C 75 034308 Google Scholar
[12]	Karamian S A, Carroll J J 2007 Laser Phys. 17 80 Google Scholar
[13]	Roig O, Méot V, Rossé B, Bélier G, Daugas J M, Letourneau A, Menelle A, Morel P 2011 Phys. Rev. C 83 064617 Google Scholar
[14]	Karamian S A, Carroll J J 2011 Phys. Rev. C 83 024604 Google Scholar
[15]	Kishimoto S, Yoda Y, Seto M, Kobayashi Y, Kitao S, Haruki R, Kawauchi T, Fukutani K, Okano T 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1831 Google Scholar
[16]	Morita M 1973 Prog. Theor. Phys. 49 1574 Google Scholar
[17]	Goldanskii V, Namiot V 1976 Phys. Lett. B 62 393 Google Scholar
[18]	Wang Y, Ma Z, Yang Y, Fu C, He W, Ma Y 2023 Front. Phys. 11 1203401 Google Scholar
[19]	Bilous P V, Bekker H, Berengut J C, Seiferle B, von der Wense L, Thirolf P G, Pfeifer T, López-Urrutia J R C, Pálffy A 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 192502 Google Scholar
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[21]	Porsev S G, Flambaum V V, Peik E, Tamm C 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 182501 Google Scholar
[22]	Polasik M, Słabkowska K, Carroll J J, Chiara C J, Syrocki L, Weffder E, Rzadkiewicz J 2017 Phys. Rev. C 95 034312 Google Scholar
[23]	Wu Y, Gunst J, Keitel C H, Pálffy A 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 052504 Google Scholar
[24]	Gunst J, Litvinov Y A, Keitel C H, Pálffy A 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 082501 Google Scholar
[25]	Karamian S A, Carroll J J 2012 Phys. At. Nucl. 75 1362 Google Scholar
[26]	Pálffy A, Evers J, Keitel C H 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 172502 Google Scholar
[27]	Wu Y, Keitel C H, Pálffy A 2019 Phys. Rev. A 100 063420 Google Scholar
[28]	Vinko S M, Ciricosta O, Cho B I, Engelhorn K, Chung H K, Brown C R D, Burian T, Chalupský J, Falcone R W, Graves C, Hájková V, Higginbotham A, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee H J, Messerschmidt M, Murphy C D, Ping Y, Scherz A, Schlotter W, Toleikis S, Turner J J, Vysin L, Wang T, Wu B, Zastrau U, Zhu D, Lee R W, Heimann P A, Nagler B, Wark J S 2012 Nature 482 59 Google Scholar
[29]	Gunst J, Wu Y, Kumar N, Keitel C H, Pálffy A 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 112706 Google Scholar
[30]	Feng J, Wang W, Fu C, Chen L, Tan J, Li Y, Wang J, Li Y, Zhang G, Ma Y, Zhang J 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 052501 Google Scholar
[31]	Gagyi-Palffy A 2006 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hessian: Giessen University
[32]	Fan W, Qi W, Zhang J, Cao Z, Lan H, Li X, Xu Y, Gu Y, Deng Z, Zhang Z, Tan C, Luo W, Yuan Y, Zhou W 2023 Phys. Rev. Res. 5 043120 Google Scholar
[33]	吴义恒, 陆景彬, 任臻 2023 原子核物理评论 40 519526 Google Scholar Wu Y H, Lu J B, Ren Z 2023 Nucl. Phys. Rev. 40 519526 Google Scholar
[34]	Fukuchi T, Gono Y, Odahara A, Tanaka S, Inoue M, Wakabayashi Y, Sasaki T, Kibe M, Hokoiwa N, Shinozuka T, Fujita M, Yamazaki A, Sonoda T, Lee C S, Kwon Y K, Moon J Y, Lee J H 2005 Eur. Phys. J. A 24 249 Google Scholar
[35]	Chiara C J, Carroll J J, Carpenter M P, Greene J P, Hartley D J, Janssens R V F, Lane G J, Marsh J C, Matters D A, Polasik M, Rzadkiewicz J, Seweryniak D, Zhu S, Bottoni S, Hayes A B, Karamian S A 2018 Nature 554 216 Google Scholar
[36]	Wu Y, Keitel C H, Pálffy A 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 212501 Google Scholar
[37]	Rzadkiewicz J, Polasik M, Słabkowska K, Syrocki L, Carroll J J, Chiara C J 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 042501 Google Scholar
[38]	Guo S, Fang Y, Zhou X, Petrache C M 2021 Nature 594 E1 Google Scholar
[39]	Chiara C J, Carroll J J, Carpenter M P, Greene J P, Hartley D J, Janssens R V F, Lane G J, Marsh J C, Matters D A, Polasik M, Rzadkiewicz J, Seweryniak D, Zhu S, Bottoni S, Hayes A B 2021 Nature 594 E3 Google Scholar
[40]	Guo S, Ding B, Zhou X H, Wu Y B, Wang J G, Xu S W, Fang Y D, Petrache C M, Lawrie E A, Qiang Y H, Yang Y Y, Ong H J, Ma J B, Chen J L, Fang F, Yu Y H, Lv B F, Zeng F F, Zeng Q B, Huang H, Jia Z H, Jia C X, Liang W, Li Y, Huang N W, Liu L J, Zheng Y, Zhang W Q, Rohilla A, Bai Z, Jin S L, Wang K, Duan F F, Yang G, Li J H, Xu J H, Li G S, Liu M L, Liu Z, Gan Z G, Wang M, Zhang Y H 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 242502 Google Scholar
[41]	Sun Z Y, Zhan W, Guo Z Y, Xiao G Q, Li J 2023 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 503 496503 Google Scholar
[42]	王萱轩, 宋海声, 杨过, 段芳芳, 王康, 杨彦云 2023 原子核物理评论 40 244250 Google Scholar Wang X X, Song H S, Yang G, Duan F F, Wang K, Yang Y Y 2023 Nucl. Phys. Rev. 40 244250 Google Scholar
[43]	Rzadkiewicz J, Słabkowska K, Polasik M, Syrocki Ł, Carroll J J, Chiara C J 2023 Phys. Rev. C 108 L031302 Google Scholar
[44]	Tarasov O, Bazin D 2003 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 204 174 Google Scholar

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Vol. 73, Issue 13 - 2024-07-05

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