石墨炔衍生物结构稳定性及电子结构的密度泛函理论研究

迟宝倩; 刘轶; 徐京城; 秦绪明; 孙辰; 白晟灏; 刘一璠; 赵新洛; 李小武

doi:10.7498/aps.65.133101

摘要

石墨炔衍生物比石墨烯具有更多样化的原子结构, 因而具有潜在的更丰富的电子结构. 通过第一性原理密度泛函理论研究方法系统研究了石墨炔衍生物的结构稳定性、原子构型和电子结构. 本文计算的石墨炔衍生物系列体系由六边形碳环(各边原子数N= 1-10)通过顶点相连而成. 对结构与能量的计算分析表明: 当N为偶数时, 石墨炔拥有单、三键交替的C-C键结构, 其能量比N为奇数时, 拥有连续C=C双键的石墨炔衍生物更稳定. 计算的能带结构和态密度显示: 根据碳环各边原子个数N的奇偶性不同, 石墨炔可呈现金属性(N为奇数时)或半导体特性(N为偶数时). 该奇偶依赖的原子构型和电学性质是由Jahn-Teller畸变效应导致, 与碳环各边原子碳链的实际长度无关. 计算发现部分半导体石墨炔(N= 2, 6, 10) 呈现狄拉克锥能带特征, 其带隙约10 meV, 且具有0.255106-0.414106 m/s 的高电子速度, 约为石墨烯电子速度的30%-50%. 本密度泛函理论研究表明, 将sp杂化碳原子引入石墨烯六边形碳环的边上, 可通过控制六边形各边原子个数的奇偶性调制其金属和半导体电子特性或狄拉克锥的形成, 为免掺杂和缺陷调控纳米碳材料的电学性质和设计碳基纳米电子器件提供了理论依据.

关键词:

Abstract

Due to the diversified atomic structures and electronic properties, two-dimensional monolayer nanocarbon materials (graphyne or graphdiyne) composed of sp and sp2 hybridization C atoms have received the widespread attention in recent years. The fundamental questions include how the sp orbital hybridization affects the electronic structure of graphyne. In order to investigate the structure dependent electronic structures of graphyne, the energetic stabilities and electronic structures of -graphyne and its derivatives (-N) with N carbon atoms on each edge of the hexagons are investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations in this work. In our DFT calculations we adopt generalized gradient approximation of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE) using the CASTEP module implemented in Materials Studio. The studied -Ns consist of hexagon carbon rings connected by vertexes whose edges have various numbers of carbon atoms N= 1-10. The structure and energy analyses show that -Ns with even-numbered carbon chains have alternating single and triple C-C bonds, energetically more stable than those with odd-numbered carbon chains possessing continuous C-C double bonds. The calculated electronic structures indicate that -Ns can be either metallic (odd N) or semiconductive (even N), depending on the parity of number of hexagon edge atoms regardless of the edge length due to Jahn-Teller distortion effect. Some semiconducting -graphyne derivatives (-N, N= 2, 6, 10) are found to possess Dirac cones (DC) with small direct band gaps 10 meV and large electron velocities 0.255106-0.414106 m/s, ～30%-50% of that of graphene. We find that Dirac cones also appear in -3 and -4 when we shorten the double bonds and elongate the triple bonds in -3 and -4 respectively. These results show that the bond length change will affect the characteristics of band structure and suggests that the band structure characteristics may be influenced by Peierls distortion in a two-dimensional system. Our DFT studies indicate that introducing sp carbon atoms into the hexagon edges of graphene opens the way to switching between metallic and semiconductor/DC electronic structures via tuning the parity of the number of hexagon edge atoms without doping and defects in nanocarbon materials and nanoelectronic devices.

Keywords:

graphyne /
Dirac cone /
density functional theory calculations /
sp/sp2 hybridized carbon

作者及机构信息

1.
东北大学材料科学与工程学院材料物理与化学研究所, 沈阳 110819;

2.
上海大学物理系, 材料基因组工程研究院和量子与分子结构国际中心, 上海 200444;

3.
沈阳理工大学理学院, 沈阳 110159;

4.
上海理工大学材料科学与工程学院, 上海 200093

通信作者: 刘轶, yiliu@t.shu.edu.cn;xwli@mail.neu.edu.cn ; 李小武, yiliu@t.shu.edu.cn;xwli@mail.neu.edu.cn

基金项目: 上海市科学技术委员会浦江人才计划(批准号: 12PJI406500)、上海市科委科技创新高新技术项目(批准号: 14521100602)、上海市教委科技创新重点项目(批准号: 14ZZ130)、中国石油大学重质油国家重点实验室开放基金(批准号: SKLOP201402001)、国家自然科学基金(批准号: 10974131, 61240054, 51202137)和上海市科委自然科学基金(批准号: 15ZR1416500)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;

2.
Department of Physics, Materials Genome Institute, and International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;

3.
College of Sciences, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China;

4.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China

Corresponding author: Liu Yi, yiliu@t.shu.edu.cn;xwli@mail.neu.edu.cn ; Li Xiao-Wu, yiliu@t.shu.edu.cn;xwli@mail.neu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program (Grant No. 12PJ1406500), Shanghai High-tech Area of Innovative Science and Technology, China (Grant No. 14521100602), STCSM, Key Program of Innovative Scientific Research (Grant No. 14ZZ130), State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Grant No. SKLOP201402001), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10974131, 61240054, 51202137), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, China (Grant No. 15ZR1416500).

参考文献

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[4]	Chuvilin A, Meyer J C, Algara-Siller G, Kaiser U 2009 New J. Phys. 11 083019
[5]	Jin C H, Lan H P, Peng L M, Suenaga K, Iijima S 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 205501
[6]	Fan X F, Liu L, Lin J Y, Shen Z X, Kuo J L 2009 Acs Nano 3 3788
[7]	Liu M J, Artyukhov V I, Lee H, Xu F B, Yakobson B I 2013 Acs Nano 7 10075
[8]	Liu Y, Jones R O, Zhao X L, Ando Y 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 125413
[9]	Zhao X L, Ando Y, Liu Y, Jinno M, Suzuki T 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 187401
[10]	Cao R G, Wang Y, Lin Z Z, Ming C, Zhuang J, Ning X J 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 6438 (in Chinese) [曹荣根, 王音, 林正喆, 明辰, 庄军, 宁西京 2010 物理学报 59 6438]
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[12]	Diederich F 1994 Nature 369 199
[13]	Gholami M, Melin F, McDonald R, Ferguson M J, Echegoyen L, Tykwinski R R 2007 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 9081
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[15]	Marsden J A, Haley M M 2005 J. Org. Chem. 70 10213
[16]	Li G X, Li Y L, Liu H B, Guo Y B, Li Y J, Zhu D B 2010 Chem. Commun. 46 3256
[17]	Li G X, Li Y L, Qian X M, Liu H B, Lin H W, Chen N, Li Y J 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 2611
[18]	Malko D, Neiss C, Vines F, Gorling A 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 086804
[19]	Chen J M, Xi J Y, Wang D, Shuai Z G 2013 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 1443
[20]	Long M Q, Tang L, Wang D, Li Y L, Shuai Z G 2011 Acs Nano 5 2593
[21]	Ajori S, Ansari R, Mirnezhad M 2013 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 561 34
[22]	Mirnezhad M, Ansari R, Rouhi H, Seifi M, Faghihnasiri M 2012 Solid State Commun. 152 1885
[23]	Jafarzadeh H, Roknabadi M R, Shahtahmasebi N, Behdani M 2015 Physica E 67 54
[24]	Lin Z Z, Wei Q, Zhu X 2014 Carbon 66 504
[25]	Zhou Y H, Tan S H, Chen K Q 2014 Org. Electron 15 3392
[26]	Jang B, Koo J, Park M, Lee H, Nam J, Kwon Y, Lee H 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 263904
[27]	Hwang H J, Koo J, Park M, Park N, Kwon Y, Lee H 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 6919
[28]	Huang C H, Zhang S L, Liu H B, Li Y J, Cui G L, Li Y L 2015 Nano Energy 11 481
[29]	Lee S H, Jhi S H 2015 Carbon 81 418
[30]	Liu Y, Liu W, Wang R G, Hao L F, Jiao W C 2014 Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39 12757
[31]	Lu J L, Guo Y H, Zhang Y, Cao J X 2014 Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39 17112
[32]	Wang Y S, Fei Yuan P, Li M, Fen Jiang W, Sun Q, Jia Y 2013 J. Solid State Chem. 197 323
[33]	Xu B, Lei X L, Liu G, Wu M S, Ouyang C Y 2014 Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39 17104
[34]	Zhao W H, Yuan L F, Yang J L 2012 Chin. J. Chem. Phys. 25 434
[35]	Clark S J, Segall M D, Pickard C J, Hasnip P J, Probert M J, Refson K, Payne M C 2005 Z. Kristallogr 220 567
[36]	Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3865
[37]	Monkhorst H J, Pack J D 1976 Phys. Rev. B 13 5188
[38]	Kim B G, Choi H J 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 5
[39]	Lee S H, Chung H J, Heo J, Yang H, Shin J, Chung U I, Seo S 2011 Acs Nano 5 2964
[40]	Peierls R E 1955 Quantum Theory of Solids (Clarendon: Oxford)
[41]	Deacon R S, Chuang K C, Nicholas R J, Novoselov K S, Geim A K 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 081406
[42]	Jiang Z, Henriksen E A, Tung L C, Wang Y J, Schwartz M E, Han M Y, Kim P, Stormer H L 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 197403

施引文献

[1]	Iijima S 1991 Nature 354 56
[2]	Kroto H W, Heath J R, OBrien S C, Curl R F, Smalley R E 1985 Nature 318 162
[3]	Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666
[4]	Chuvilin A, Meyer J C, Algara-Siller G, Kaiser U 2009 New J. Phys. 11 083019
[5]	Jin C H, Lan H P, Peng L M, Suenaga K, Iijima S 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 205501
[6]	Fan X F, Liu L, Lin J Y, Shen Z X, Kuo J L 2009 Acs Nano 3 3788
[7]	Liu M J, Artyukhov V I, Lee H, Xu F B, Yakobson B I 2013 Acs Nano 7 10075
[8]	Liu Y, Jones R O, Zhao X L, Ando Y 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 125413
[9]	Zhao X L, Ando Y, Liu Y, Jinno M, Suzuki T 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 187401
[10]	Cao R G, Wang Y, Lin Z Z, Ming C, Zhuang J, Ning X J 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 6438 (in Chinese) [曹荣根, 王音, 林正喆, 明辰, 庄军, 宁西京 2010 物理学报 59 6438]
[11]	Qiu M, Zhang Z H, Deng X Q 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 4162 (in Chinese) [邱明, 张振华, 邓小清 2010 物理学报 59 4162]
[12]	Diederich F 1994 Nature 369 199
[13]	Gholami M, Melin F, McDonald R, Ferguson M J, Echegoyen L, Tykwinski R R 2007 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 9081
[14]	Kehoe J M, Kiley J H, English J J, Johnson C A, Petersen R C, Haley M M 2000 Org. Lett. 2 969
[15]	Marsden J A, Haley M M 2005 J. Org. Chem. 70 10213
[16]	Li G X, Li Y L, Liu H B, Guo Y B, Li Y J, Zhu D B 2010 Chem. Commun. 46 3256
[17]	Li G X, Li Y L, Qian X M, Liu H B, Lin H W, Chen N, Li Y J 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 2611
[18]	Malko D, Neiss C, Vines F, Gorling A 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 086804
[19]	Chen J M, Xi J Y, Wang D, Shuai Z G 2013 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 1443
[20]	Long M Q, Tang L, Wang D, Li Y L, Shuai Z G 2011 Acs Nano 5 2593
[21]	Ajori S, Ansari R, Mirnezhad M 2013 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 561 34
[22]	Mirnezhad M, Ansari R, Rouhi H, Seifi M, Faghihnasiri M 2012 Solid State Commun. 152 1885
[23]	Jafarzadeh H, Roknabadi M R, Shahtahmasebi N, Behdani M 2015 Physica E 67 54
[24]	Lin Z Z, Wei Q, Zhu X 2014 Carbon 66 504
[25]	Zhou Y H, Tan S H, Chen K Q 2014 Org. Electron 15 3392
[26]	Jang B, Koo J, Park M, Lee H, Nam J, Kwon Y, Lee H 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 263904
[27]	Hwang H J, Koo J, Park M, Park N, Kwon Y, Lee H 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 6919
[28]	Huang C H, Zhang S L, Liu H B, Li Y J, Cui G L, Li Y L 2015 Nano Energy 11 481
[29]	Lee S H, Jhi S H 2015 Carbon 81 418
[30]	Liu Y, Liu W, Wang R G, Hao L F, Jiao W C 2014 Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39 12757
[31]	Lu J L, Guo Y H, Zhang Y, Cao J X 2014 Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39 17112
[32]	Wang Y S, Fei Yuan P, Li M, Fen Jiang W, Sun Q, Jia Y 2013 J. Solid State Chem. 197 323
[33]	Xu B, Lei X L, Liu G, Wu M S, Ouyang C Y 2014 Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39 17104
[34]	Zhao W H, Yuan L F, Yang J L 2012 Chin. J. Chem. Phys. 25 434
[35]	Clark S J, Segall M D, Pickard C J, Hasnip P J, Probert M J, Refson K, Payne M C 2005 Z. Kristallogr 220 567
[36]	Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3865
[37]	Monkhorst H J, Pack J D 1976 Phys. Rev. B 13 5188
[38]	Kim B G, Choi H J 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 5
[39]	Lee S H, Chung H J, Heo J, Yang H, Shin J, Chung U I, Seo S 2011 Acs Nano 5 2964
[40]	Peierls R E 1955 Quantum Theory of Solids (Clarendon: Oxford)
[41]	Deacon R S, Chuang K C, Nicholas R J, Novoselov K S, Geim A K 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 081406
[42]	Jiang Z, Henriksen E A, Tung L C, Wang Y J, Schwartz M E, Han M Y, Kim P, Stormer H L 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 197403

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