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以石墨片为原料,在氮气气氛下,通过机械针磨法制备了氮掺杂石墨烯纳米片. 扫描电子显微镜和比表面积分析表明机械针磨过程可以有效地将大尺寸石墨片破碎成石墨烯纳米片. 在石墨片的破碎过程中,会引起C-C键的破坏. 因此,在破坏的边缘位置能够产生碳活性点. 这些碳活性点可以与氮反应实现氮元素的掺杂. X射线光电子能谱分析表明碳活性点与氮反应使氮元素掺入石墨烯结构边缘,形成吡咯型氮和吡啶型氮. 电化学阻抗谱分析表明所制备的氮掺杂石墨烯纳米片对I3-还原反应具有较高的电催化活性,循环伏安与恒流充放电测试表明氮掺杂石墨烯纳米片具有较好的电容性能. 较高的比表面积和边缘氮掺杂结构是氮掺杂石墨烯纳米片具有优异电化学性能的主要原因. 因此,氮掺杂石墨烯纳米片可以应用于染料敏化太阳能电池对电极和超级电容器电极.The highly desirable properties of nitrogen-doped graphene nanomaterial, such as high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and enhanced electrocatalytic activity and charge-transfer property, make it an ideal candidate for electrode materials used in the field of energy conversion and storage. Up to now, methods of synthesizing nitrogen-doped graphene nanomaterials mainly include chemical vapor deposition, thermal annealing graphite oxide with NH3, and graphene treated with nitrogen plasma. However, these methods of producing the nitrogen-doped graphene nanomaterials are either costly for practical applications or involving environmently hazardous reagents, and the full potentials of nitrogen-doped graphene materials are hard to achieve without scalable production at low cost. Therefore, a simple and cost-effective method of producing the nitrogen-doped graphene nanomaterial is desirable. In this paper, nitrogen-doped graphene nanoplatelets are prepared by a simple and eco-friendly mechanochemical pin-grinding process under N2 atmosphere through using natural graphite flake as the precursor at room temperature. The as-prepared nitrogen-doped graphene sample is characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectra, nitrogen adsorption, SEM, and TEM. The images of SEM and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area measurements demonstrate an effective and spontaneous delamination of the starting graphite into small graphene nanoplatelets even in the solid state by pin-grinding process. The cleavage of graphitic C-C bonds by pin grinding creates numerous active carbon species, which can directly react with nitrogen. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate that the active carbon species react with nitrogen to form the aromatic C-N in pyrazole and pyridazine rings at the fresh broken edges of the graphitic frameworks. Both pyrrolic nitrogen and pyridinic nitrogen are at the edge of carbon framework, which can provide chemically active sites to improve the electrochemical performance of carbon material. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicvates that nitrogen-doped graphene nanoplatelets possess excellent electrocatalytic activity for the redox reaction between iodide and triiodide ions, used in dye-sensitized solar cells. The charge-transfer resistance of nitrogen-doped graphene nanoplatelet electrode is 1.1 cm2, which is comparable to that of Pt electrode. The capacitance properties of the as-prepared nitrogen-doped graphene nanoplatelets are also investigated. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge curves show that nitrogen-doped graphene nanoplatelets have good capacitive performance. At a current density of 0.3 A/cm2, the specific capacitance of nitrogen-doped graphene nanoplatelets is 202.8 F/g. The good electrochemical performance of nitrogen-doped graphene nanolplatelet can be attributed to its high surface area and doping nitrogen at the edge. The simple and eco-friendly preparation procedure, low cost, and good electrochemical performance allow the as-prepared nitrogen-doped graphene nanoplatelets to be a promising candidate for the electrode materials in dye-sensitized solar cells and supercapacitors.
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Keywords:
- Nitrogen-doped graphene nanoplatelets /
- electrocatalytic activity /
- capacitive performance
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[2] Sun Y, Wu Q, Shi G 2011 Energy Environ. Sci. 4 1113
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[14] Jeon I, Choi H, Ju M, Lim K, Kim J, Shi D, Kim H, Jung S, Seo J, Park N, Dai L, Beak J 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 2260
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[17] Hao S, Cai X, Wu H, Yu X, Peng M, Yan K, Zou D 2013 Energy Environ. Sci. 6 3356
[18] Jin Z, Yao J, Kittrell C, Tour J 2011 ACS Nano 5 4112
[19] Qu L, Liu Y, Beak J, Dai L 2010 ACS Nano 4 1321
[20] Wang H, Zhang C, Liu Z, Wang L, Han P, Xu H, Dong S, Cui G 2011 J. Mater. Chem. 21 5430
[21] Wang Y, Shao Y, Matson D, Li J, Lin Y 2010 ACS Nano 4 1790
[22] Yang D, Kim C, Song M, Park H, Lee J, Ju M, Yu J 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 16694
[23] Deng D, Pan X, Yu L, Cui Y, Jiang Y, Qi J, Li W, Fu Q, Xue Q, Bao X 2011 Chem. Mater. 23 1188
[24] Kudin K, Ozbas B, Schniepp H, Aksay I, Car R 2008 Nano Lett. 8 36
[25] Zhao L, Fan L, Zhou M, Guan H, Qiao S, Antonietti M, Titirici M 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 5202
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[1] Wang H, Hu Y 2012 Energy Environ. Sci. 5 8182
[2] Sun Y, Wu Q, Shi G 2011 Energy Environ. Sci. 4 1113
[3] Bonaccorso F, Sun Z, Hasan T, Ferrari A 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 611
[4] Liang Z J, Liu H X, Niu Y X, Yin Y H 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 138501 (in Chinese) [粱振江, 刘海霞, 牛燕雄, 尹贻恒 2016 物理学报 65 138501]
[5] Park S, An J, Jung I, Piner R, An S, Li X, Ruoff R 2009 Nano Lett. 9 1593
[6] Wei D, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Huang L, Yu G 2009 Nano Lett. 9 1752
[7] Li X, Wang H, Robinson J, Diankov G, Dai H 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 15939
[8] Long M, Liu E, Wang P, Gao A, Xiao H, Luo W, Wang B, Ni Z, You Y, Miao F 2016 Nano Lett. 16 2254
[9] Liu X W, Zhu C Y, Dong H, Xu F, Sun L T 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 118802 (in Chinese) [刘学文, 朱重阳, 董辉, 徐峰, 孙立涛 2016 物理学报 65 118802]
[10] Yu D, Nagelli E, Du F, Dai L 2010 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 2165
[11] Jung S, Choi I, Lim K, Ko J, Lee J, Kim H, Baek J 2014 Chem. Mater. 26 3586
[12] Zhai P, Wei T, Chang Y, Huang Y, Su H, Feng S 2014 Small 10 3347
[13] Zhang M, Dai L 2012 Nano Energy 1 514
[14] Jeon I, Choi H, Ju M, Lim K, Kim J, Shi D, Kim H, Jung S, Seo J, Park N, Dai L, Beak J 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 2260
[15] Han J, Xu G, Ding B, Pan J, Dou H, Macfarlane D 2014 J. Mater. Chem. A 2 5352
[16] Luo Q, Hao F, Wang S, Shen H, Zhao L, Gratzel M, Lin H 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 17010
[17] Hao S, Cai X, Wu H, Yu X, Peng M, Yan K, Zou D 2013 Energy Environ. Sci. 6 3356
[18] Jin Z, Yao J, Kittrell C, Tour J 2011 ACS Nano 5 4112
[19] Qu L, Liu Y, Beak J, Dai L 2010 ACS Nano 4 1321
[20] Wang H, Zhang C, Liu Z, Wang L, Han P, Xu H, Dong S, Cui G 2011 J. Mater. Chem. 21 5430
[21] Wang Y, Shao Y, Matson D, Li J, Lin Y 2010 ACS Nano 4 1790
[22] Yang D, Kim C, Song M, Park H, Lee J, Ju M, Yu J 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 16694
[23] Deng D, Pan X, Yu L, Cui Y, Jiang Y, Qi J, Li W, Fu Q, Xue Q, Bao X 2011 Chem. Mater. 23 1188
[24] Kudin K, Ozbas B, Schniepp H, Aksay I, Car R 2008 Nano Lett. 8 36
[25] Zhao L, Fan L, Zhou M, Guan H, Qiao S, Antonietti M, Titirici M 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 5202
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