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非局域测量方法由于其能够间接探测某些难以直接俘获的非平庸物理机理，近年来已逐渐成为凝聚态物理的研究热点之一.最近的实验在H形多端口石墨烯样品中发现了巨大的非局域电阻信号.在排除了经典欧姆、边缘态等可能的输运形式后，人们倾向于认为这类非局域电阻是由多端石墨烯系统中存在的自旋霍尔效益或谷霍尔效应所导致.借助于非平衡格林函数输运计算，目前的理论可以在同样的多端石墨烯体系中得到部分与实验符合较好的数值模拟结果.针对实验中发现的某些难以理解的、甚至与经典理论相矛盾的非局域电阻性质，例如非局域电阻相比局域电阻在偏离电中性点时的迅速衰减、出现在能隙中的非局域电阻峰值等，目前的理论研究取得了一定的进展，但对这些奇异现象的理解仍存在较大的争议.本综述详细回顾了多端口石墨烯体系中非局域电阻的相关实验，并针对性地介绍与之配套的理论进展及对未来研究的展望.Since the nonlocal measurement is helpful in discovering nontrivial physics that is too difficult to detect directly, the nonlocal measurement has now become one of the research focuses in condensed matter physics. Recent experiments find the signal of the giant nonlocal resistance in an H-shaped multi-terminal graphene system. After excluding other possible transport mechanisms, such as the classic Ohmic diffusion and the edge states, researchers tend to believe that the nonlocal resistance signal originates from the spin/valley Hall effect existing in graphene sample. Based on the Landauer-Buttiker formula, the numerical results make a relatively perfect match with the experimental data in the same multi-terminal graphene system. However, though the theoretic research has made certain progress in explaining the existence of the nonlocal resistance, it is still difficult to understand some exotic behaviors of the nonlocal resistance, which exhibits properties even contradictory to the known classical theories. For instance, the nonlocal resistance decreases to zero much more rapidly than the local one, and the giant peak of the nonlocal resistance appears inside the energy gap of the graphene. In this review, the experiments focusing on the nonlocal resistance in multi-terminal graphene system are carefully reviewed. Besides, this review also shows the associated theoretic studies, and an overlook of the future study is also provided.
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Keywords:
- nonlocal resistance /
- graphene /
- spin Hall effect /
- valley Hall effect
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[1] Brune C, Buhmann H, Molenkamp L W, Maciejko J, Qi X L, Zhang S C 2009 Science 325 294
[2] Chang C Z, Zhao W, Kim K Y, Wei P, Jain J K, Liu C, Chan M H W, Moodera J S 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 057206
[3] Parameswaran S A, Grover T, Abanin D A, Pesin D A, Vishwanath A 2014 Phys. Rev. X 4 031035
[4] McEuen P L, Szafer A, Richter C A, Alphenaar B W, Jain J K, Stone A D, Wheeler R G, Sacks R N 1990 Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 2062
[5] Abanin D A, Morozov S V, Ponomarenko L A, Gorbachev R V, Mayorov A S, Katsnelson M I, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Novoselov K S, Levitov L S, Geim A K 2011 Science 332 328
[6] Balakroshnan J, Koon G K W, Jaiswal M, Castro Neto A H, Ozyilmaz B 2013 Nat. Phys. 9 284
[7] Gorbachev R V, Song J C W, Yu G L, Kretinin A V, Withers F, Cao Y, Mishchenko A, Grigoreiva I V, Novoselov K S, Levitov L S, Geim A K 2014 Science 346 448
[8] Shimazaki Y, Yamamoto M, Borzenets I V, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Tarucha S 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 1032
[9] Sui M, Chen G, Ma L, Shan W Y, Tian D, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Jin X, Yao W, Xiao D, Zhang Y 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 1027
[10] Yamamoto M, Shimazaki Y, Borzenets I V, Tarucha S 2015 J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 84 121006
[11] Hirsch J E 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 1834
[12] Murakami S, Nagaosa N, Zhang S C 2003 Science 301 1348
[13] Sinova J, Culcer D, Niu Q, Sinitsyn N A, Jungwirth T, MacDonald A H 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 126603
[14] Kato Y K, Myers R C, Gossard A C, Awsschalom D D 2004 Science 306 1910
[15] Kimura T, Otani Y 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 196604
[16] Brune C, Roth A, Novik E G, Konig M, Buhmann H, Hankiewicz E M, Hanke W, Sinova J, Molenkamp L W 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 448
[17] Sheng L, Sheng D N, Ting C S, Haldane F D M 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 136602
[18] Wang Z, Liu H, Jiang H, Xie X C 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 035409
[19] Tuan D V, Marmolejo-Tejada J M, Waiintal X, Nikolic B K, Valenzuela S O, Roche S 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 176602
[20] Chen C L, Chang C R, Nikolic B K 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 155414
[21] Renard J, Studer M, Folk J A 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 116601
[22] Wei P, Lee S, Lemaitre F, Pinel L, Cutaia D, Cha W, Katmis F, Zhu Y, Heiman D, Hone J, Moodera J S, Chen C T 2016 Nat. Mater. 15 711
[23] Abanin D A, Gorbachev R V, Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Levitov L S 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 096601
[24] Xiao D, Yao W, Niu Q 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 236809
[25] Lensky Y D, Song J C W, Samutpraphoot P, Levitov L S 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 256601
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[32] Mihajlovic G, Pearson J E, Garcia M A, Bader S D, Hoffmann A 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 166601
[33] Sheng L, Sheng D N, Ting C S 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 016602
[34] Huang C, Chong Y D, Cazalilla M A 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 136804
[35] Mak K F, McGill K L, Park J, McEuen P L 2014 Science 344 1489
[36] Lee J, Mak K F, Shan J 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 421
[37] Xiao D, Liu G B, Feng W X, Xu X D, Yao W 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 196802
[38] Zhai F, Zhao X, Chang K, Xu H Q 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 115442
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[40] Zhai F, Ma Y L, Chang K 2011 New J. Phys. 13 083029
[41] Xiao D, Chang M C, Niu Q 2010 Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 1959
[42] Cresti A, Nikolic B K, Garcia J H, Roche S 2016 La Rivista Del Nuovo Cimento 12 587
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